Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Venture Management - Assignment Example Division directors will straightforwardly answer to the venture chief. Subsequently, with diminished chain of importance the undertaking will proficiently without any deferrals and expanded expense because of additional detailing levels (Ingason and Jã ³nasson, 59-69). The venture administrator coordinates all the exercises and errand for the general task, going about as data main issue for the subcontractors. In the wake of getting all the data of the project’s heading and errands associate chief partitioned the undertaking and obligations among the useful administrators. Collaborator venture administrator fills in as director of controlling advisory group and communicates with both practical supervisors and temporary workers. The useful directors get the rules and assignment duties from collaborator supervisor. In real the job of agreement official is to fill in as a main issue for all the expense and data of the agreement. The military kind trough has some unique aptitudes that separate its character from different troughs. The military administrator centers around these components: demand clear correspondence and arrangement, produce high performing groups, loose in constantly changing situations and recruit the substitution and choices. In the event that the progression adjusted military sort of approach, at that point it would support the fitness of coordinated effort among the representatives, it would give progressively viable and proficient tem work results and it would make the demeanor of administrators movable in the evolving condition (Forbes). The division of work among numerous specialists expands the proficiency and exactness of dynamic. Furthermore, with the contribution of two higher troughs makes the assessment and observing exercises better in results (Atkinson, 337-342). This progressive system is hard to actualize in any industry in view of its confinements with respect to the assignment of specialists and obligations among the workers and

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Modern Business in Comparative Perspective Advantage

Question: Talk about anout the Modern Business in Comparative Perspective Advantage. Answer: Presentation: Global undertakings are characterized as a corporate association that possesses and controls the creation of merchandise and enterprises in more than one nation, other than their nations of origin. They are additionally called the stateless business ventures since they can't work in one country. Global undertakings increment consistently this is as indicated by the report introduced by the World Trade Organization just as other association that work under the wards of WTO. The expanding reception of Multinational ventures is because of the dynamic worldwide economy that keeps own changing unfailingly. The expanding unmistakable quality of worldwide undertakings in the worldwide economy doesn't show the declining significance of national wellsprings of intensity, this is on the grounds that it gives each business part and each partner assumes its job in directing improvement ideas. The worldwide endeavors are searching for nations that can offer less expensive assets; they likewise search for countries that have low duty rates just as having less guideline contrasted with their nations of origin. Michael Porters clarifies compactly about every angle that identifies with the national bunches and geological area of a business or a nation, this is comparable to the ideas of globalization and worldwide capital. Michael Porters present its discoveries that relate with the upper hands of the country comparable to the worldwide business tasks (Porter, 1990) In the 21st century, globalization has been the subject of the day in each gathering where each country is discussing how globalization has profited topic. Created countries are seen to be the countries that are for the most part advancing the thoughts of globalization while they search for better and less expensive assets to build their turn of events. Today, there is no country, which can detach itself from globalization and its effect. As indicated by Thomas. L. Friedman, 2006, the straightening of the present world depends on the globalized business exercises, redistributing of items and administrations, gracefully fastening just as the political powers that influence nations worldwide turn of events. Globalization has taken an a dependable balance to decrease the neediness rates in numerous nations, for example, China and different pieces of Asia, contrasted and different zones, for example, sub-Saharan where destitution rates have stayed to be stale (Friedman, 2006). The thoughts of facilitated commerce, free enterprise, and majority rules system to different countries are accepted to have been produced through the globalization setting. The present proof of globalization is the impression of the created nations, supporters to globalization see U. S organizations working in different countries which are additionally evolved like China. Unhindered commerce has additionally been see as the a dependable balance of globalization. As of now South Korea, NAFTA have conceded to unhindered commerce settlements, this have influenced the U. S work industry and along these lines expanding the exchange deficiency. Worldwide business enterprise begins first as the nearby association, provincial at that point at long last being a global organization. As indicated by the ebb and flow inquire about done by Rugman, Europe and Asia are the locales whose organizations are considered to assume a key job in advancing globalization, corresponding to the cutting edge business point of view (Kotabe and Kothari, 2016). The examination demonstrates that 500 world biggest firms have the vast majority of their deals focusing on their home area. 380 firms on the planet economy are beginning from Nafta; and Asia Pacific . The 118 firms are beginning from the Europe have the normal deals information to be 62.8%, these figures are gotten from the home area deals, while the staying 37.2% are deals outside the locale. Out of 380 firms, Asia has 66 partnerships with a normal of 74.3% home deals date. Absence of levies and guideline are the fundamental caused which prompts business clashes among the country. Footloose, is brought about by one country going into another and performs business exercises with no dedication or the obligations to play out certain business exercises. The applicable specialists can control these footloose by creating and executing on worldwide exchange strategies, for example, presenting of exchange levies, charge rates, and other related measures. Be that as it may, Transnational Corporation chooses to perform explicit business exercises with no duty on account of their distinction regarding capital size and their financial turn of events. Foot-loosing is performed by Transnational Corporations, these TNCs will in general search for less gifted and less work nations. Numerous worldwide ventures just as transnational enterprise see the significance of working in explicit countries, some country may have comparative factor which draws in business exercises for the global business. Numerous country have less expensive assets, low assessment rates and organized commerce contrasted with different countries. Bunches and internationalization isn't bogus in light of the fact that, business exercises in certain nations are free, where one business action can't work without other action (Kotabe and Kothari, 2016) For example banking industry can't work without associations who need to demand for advances and home loans and the other way around is the equivalent. End Taking everything into account, worldwide partnerships works in more than one nation, they play out their exercises in specific nations relying upon various elements. The expansion in global organization doesn't show the decay of national assets, yet rather demonstrating how significant those assets can be use for financial turn of events. Be that as it may, globalization is examined to be the key factor which advanced the transcendence of worldwide partnership. Numerous organizations from Asia and Europe have their deals to be better than expected as a result of the prepared and expanding market. In this way, globalization is has advanced the cutting edge business point of view by expanding the improvement of Transnational companies. Reference As the main work on similar business: M.E.Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations (London: Macmillan, 1990) 338.6048 POR Crane, A. what's more, Matten, D., 2016. Business morals: Managing corporate citizenship and supportability in the period of globalization. Oxford University Press. Friedman, T.L., 2006. The world is level: The globalized world in the twenty-first century (pp. 3-543). London: Penguin. Kotabe, M. what's more, Kothari, T., 2016. Developing business sector worldwide organizations transformative ways to building an upper hand from developing markets to created nations. Diary of World Business, 51(5), pp.729-743. Rugman, A.M. what's more, Collinson, S., 2005. Worldwide Enterprises in the New Europe:: Are They Really Global?. Hierarchical Dynamics, 34(3), pp.258-272.

Kite Runner Essay Essay Example for Free

Kite Runner Essay Disloyalty waits like a revile, frequenting its way into cognizance, infusing its toxic substance of gloom and dejection. The activity of Betraying is generally connected with despise. Nonetheless, there are a few special cases. Treachery isn't constantly done by underhanded individuals neither one of the its is essentially a shut cut off to a solid association between people. In khaled Hosseini’s epic The kite Runner, it is shown through character and setting the circumstances where double-crossers were put under difficult circumstances which makes them submit activities that restrict their morals. The decency that exists in betrayers’ hearts in this novel demonstrates how everything can be double-crossed, however loathe could in any case be supplanted by affection. In the novel, the relationship status among people and the circumstances included the selling out were delineated through character. Despite the fact that Baba sold out his companion Ali when he laid down with his better half, the connection among Baba and Ali remained the equivalent due to Baba’s ethical quality and love for his beloved companion. This is demonstrated when Baba said â€Å"He is remaining here with us, where he has a place. This is his home and we are his family. †(Page 95). All through the novel, Baba is depicted as liberal, kind and steadfast individual. Be that as it may, his disloyalty to Ali made a paradoxical expression between his reliability and treachery. In spite of his bad form to Ali, Baba’s ethics kept on being alive and his affection for Ali kept on being loving . As such, the treachery didn't end the solid connection transport that was worked among Ali and Baba consistently. This is on the grounds that the activities submitted by Baba wear not uncover to his evilness or hate to Ali. It was the human want that vanquished his brain and drove him to play out a traitorous activity and an error that he took care of. Baba accepted that there is consistently an opportunity for reclamation and pardoning as long is there is a presence of inner voice. That is the reason he regarded Ali as a feature of the family and demanded to make them live by him perpetually to demonstrate that disloyalty isn't the passing of faithfulness. Additionally, Hassan’s response toward Amir’s treachery shows that companionship and love beat selling out and shields a solid relationship from breakdown. Hassan shows this when he admitted that he took despite the fact that he didn't as Baba asks â€Å"Did you take that cash and Amir’s watch† â€Å"Yes† Hassan answered. (page111). The substantial blow of selling out was when Amir planted a watch and cash in Hassans sleeping cushion to drive him away from his home. This was unforgiving for Hassan yet his blamelessness, dedication and darling made him forestall the eradicating of lovely recollections between two personal companions. That is the reason he chose to concede something that he didn’t complete. This demonstrates the unfaithfulness isn't the finish of a solid relationship since Hassan continued regarding and cherishing Amir after he was double-crossed by him. Besides, Amir’s treachery to Hassan isn't the consequence of Amir’s evilness or abhor for Hassan, yet it is the result of Amir’s felling of liability. Accordingly, the characters and in this novel changed the regular thought that proposes how double-crossing is finished by corrupt individuals which as result leaves the relationship in vanish. The writer accentuates the elements that cause individuals to sell out one another notwithstanding their decency however the setting. The story happens in Afghanistan where Hazaras were oppressed which drove Baba to sell out both of Amir and Hassan by concealing reality with respect to their fellowship. The enduring of Hazaras in Afghanistan is referenced toward the start in the book when the author said â€Å"Pashtuns had controlled Hazaras with unspeakable viciousness. †(page9). This statement demonstrates that anything related with Hazaras was dealt with pitilessly and prohibited in Afghanistan. That is the reason Baba couldn't concede that Hassan the Hazara is his child. On the off chance that he came clean, numerous contentions could have created and over the top individuals in Afghanistan could have hurt Hassan. Baba’s inner voice caused him to recall ordinary that the greatest sin he has done is concealing reality from individuals who reserve the option to realize that fact. This demonstrates Baba’s lie doesn't allude to his evilness, however it shows his awareness of the spot he was encircled in. In Afghanistan, blood around then was all over the place and demise of Hazaras was everyday’s scene. Amir turned out to be extremely disturbed in the wake of finding reality. By the by, the disloyalty brought about by Baba didn't lead Amir to abhor his dad, yet he attempted to look for explanations behind why his father has done that. Besides, the hopeless and most selective disloyalty of Hassan in the novel done by Amir connotes how regardless of whether the selling out wrecks the person in question, the deceiver probably won't be shrewd and the casualty could in any case have no detest for the traitor. This is demonstrated when Amir said â€Å"Everywhere I turned, I saw indications of his dependability, his goddamn enduring loyalty† (page 94). Amir watched Hassan getting assaulted by Assef and never really stop it. This is the greatest treachery in the novel that left both Amir and Hassan in obscurity side. Notwithstanding, the area of the assaulting scene enormously adds to the betrayal’s status. The assaulting scene was set up in a spot where just Asssef and his companions were remaining in the back street at the hour of nightfall while they were mishandling Hassan. The frightening setting of the scene drove Amir to be anxious about the possibility that that on the off chance that he steps in, they would hurt him. In this way, Amir chose to get away and double-cross Hassan by disregarding him confronting the fiasco. Indeed, even idea it was a ghastly double-crossing, this doesn't bring up to Amir’s evilness or loathe . The setting affected Amir’s response. Plus, the selling out was not the finish of their fellowship. Hassan continued being steadfast until the latest possible time, and his dependability was seen wherever in Amir’s eyes significantly after the assaulting occasion. Recovery and fogginess were the keys of the nonstop caring adoration among Amir and Hassan. In rundown, it is clear that the spots occasions happen in could be the purpose behind activities that restrict the individuals’ goodness. Taking everything into account, the novel The kite Runner consolidates Character and setting to demonstrate that for each treachery there is a reason, and each traitor has purposes behind their activities. The author passes on that selling out must not be arranged under aversion. The finish of the novel demonstrates that reclamation could take care of the issue regardless of how entangled it is. Anything might be sold out, anybody might be pardoned, yet not the individuals who come up short on the mental fortitude of their own enormity. Solid relationship and love can take care of any issue. There is no affection without absolution, and there is no pardoning without adoration. Accordingly, unfaithfulness isn't the way toward despise.

Friday, August 21, 2020

The Emergence Of Education For Sustainable Development Education Essay

The Emergence Of Education For Sustainable Development Education Essay Instruction is a fundamental segment of accomplishing supportability. Everywhere throughout the world, social orders are coming to perceive that present advancement patterns are not feasible, and that open mindfulness through instruction and preparing is a key component to moving our inexorably globalized society towards accomplishing maintainability. Training for economical turn of events (ESD), instruction for maintainability (ES), and manageability instruction (SE) are three terms frequently utilized equivalently and conversely in referencing supportability instructive projects. ESD endeavors might be named or depicted in an assortment of ways on account of language as well as social contrasts, however ESD is the phrasing utilized most as often as possible at the worldwide level and inside UN records, and is in this manner the term utilized most all through this archive (UNESCO, 2006). All training must fill some need or probably social orders would not put resources into it. ESD has the ability to make sure about a progressively liveable world for present and people in the future. The idea of ESD is situated to giving individuals information and aptitudes for deep rooted learning they have to assist them with finding successful answers for their natural, financial, and social issues, and the viable utilization of innovation is a basic component to expanding the productivity of training foundations to accomplish these points (UNESCO, 2006). Differing viewpoints help social orders worldwide to decide how individual issues of ESD are managed in singular societies. These points of view have critical impacts in transit individuals live, act, and identify with each other; and connections to outside societies are in a steady condition of progress. ESD should assist us with understanding ourselves just as others better and how nearby manageability issues connect to the more extensive, worldwide ecological view. Everybody is a partner in Education for Sustainable Development; we as a whole offer in the drawn out impacts, both great and awful, of ecological choices (UNESCO, 2006). In spite of the fact that the advantages of condition manageability might be generally very much characterized, the compelling usage of strategies for training programs need to consider explicit nearby, territorial, and national settings (Scoullos, 1998). The act of fitting of ESD preparing projects to singular societies is normal, yet there are explicit basic components that are basic to all supportability preparing programs paying little heed to where they are managed. Key components of ESD programs incorporate the accompanying (Tilbury and Wortman, 2004) : ESD is the essential specialist of change towards economical turn of events. The advancement of expanding the limits of individuals to change their dreams for society into the real world. Instruction encourages the qualities, practices, and ways of life that are required for an economical future. Instruction for reasonable improvement is a procedure of figuring out how to settle on choices that consider the drawn out fate of the value, economy, and biology everything being equal. Training manufactures the limit with respect to such prospects situated reasoning. 1.4.3 Definitions Reasonable advancement is a moving idea to characterize, particularly since the field is consistently developing. The Brundtland Commission is frequently credited with one of the first and most usually refered to portrayals of reasonable turn of events: Sustainable advancement is improvement that addresses the issues of the present without trading off the capacity of people in the future to address their own issues (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). Supportable advancement was one after another for the most part accepted to have three principle components: condition, society, and economy. Notwithstanding, lately, an extra culture column has risen, complimentary to the social column, yet an unmistakable thought. These four columns are firmly interrelated with each other and are thusly not totally separate components. The maintainability worldview challenges the contention that ecological and social issues are an inescapable and worthy outcome of monetary turn of events. The point of view that advocates the idea that human turn of events and the nature of the earth are not good with each other is contrary to the fundamental the standards of manageable turn of events (Pace, 2009). Dr A. Ghafoor Ghaznaw, previous head of UNESCOs Environmental Education Section, characterized natural training at an UNESCO counsel meeting held in Malta in 1989 as, the instructive procedure through which is conferred to its objective gatherings the affectability, mindfulness, information, aptitudes, mentalities, duty for activities and moral duties regarding the normal utilization of the earth and its assets and for the security and improvement of the earth for the present and people in the future (Schembri, Ventura, Calleja, 1989) . 1.4.4 Application Notwithstanding how life attesting the high beliefs of manageability instruction goals might be, and in spite of the huge help and numerous long stretches of exertion behind the work to accomplish ecological maintainability standards, the drawn out record of achievement in accomplishing any critical advancement in these endeavors has been accounted for to be disappointingly not exactly expected by many. Albeit natural instruction has habitually been proposed during various universal meetings as a key component to significant systems expected to advance ecological targets, there has in any case been a huge disparity between the endeavors spent on training and the outcomes that have be accomplished to date (Pace, 2009). Some vibe that the greater part of the thing should have been said about ecological instruction was said in the Tbilisi Conference in 1977, and that any new elaborations are extremely only a rehash of similar standards under another pretense (Pace, 2010). The attributes of and duty towards practical improvement were reconfirmed 10 years after the Tbilisi gathering at the International Congress on Environmental Education and Training in 1987 in Moscow, and again 10 years after the fact at the International Conference on Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability in 1997 at Thessaloniki. In spite of the fact that the proposals and activity plans proposed by the previously mentioned gatherings were as yet substantial, the inquiry emerged with respect to whether the structure initially created to help ecological instruction activities had rather become an independent of immaterial scholastic activities (Pace, 2010). Some portion of the issue may lie in the way that ecological training, much like the idea of practical turn of events, can never show up at an exact meaning of the idea because of its developing nature (Pace, 2010). The issue of how best to move toward natural instruction has been indistinct. In spite of the fact that it has been settled that learning isn't regularly a direct encounter, a critical number of instructive projects have received straight methodologies. Direct methodologies neglect to recognize the way that people learn in various manners and through various encounters (Pace, 2010). In addition, in spite of the fact that it is generally recogniz ed that corruption of the natural is initially because of the aftereffects of impractical ways of life. Natural training additionally perceives this reality and embraces the idea that the earth it is each resident obligation, and along these lines so as to be compelling, ecological instruction projects should target people with student focused learning. Natural training programs focused on advancing economical advancement require the change of rule speculations into activities. Student focused projects, in light of competency advancement plan students to make solid strides towards finding their own maintainable life designs. Improvement of student focused teaching methods intended to change inactive people into autonomous, basic reasoning deep rooted students focused on making a move is the following stage in the advancement of ecological instruction (Pace, 2010). 1.4.1 Historical Context The starting points of Education for Sustainable Development lie in two particular regions of enthusiasm for the United Nations: instruction and maintainable turn of events. The Declaration of Human Rights expressed in 1948 that, Everyone has the privilege to training. This privilege to instruction was later strengthened in 1989 by the Convention on the Right of the Child (CRC), which proclaimed that essential training ought to be mandatory and accessible allowed to all. In 1990, the Jomtien Declaration on Education for All (EFA) proclaimed, Basic instruction ought to be given to all youngsters, youth, and grown-ups. Universal Development Targets (IDT) identified with quality instruction have been additionally evolved. The Dakar Framework for Action records as one of its six significant instructive objectives as the Improving all parts of the nature of training with the goal that perceived and quantifiable learning results are accomplished, particularly, in education, numeracy and fu ndamental abilities. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) likewise address training. MDG 2 is intended to Achieve general essential instruction. Besides, the UNGA announced the years 2003 to 2012 to be the United Nations Decade of Literacy (UNLD).The significance of instruction for all has unmistakably been more than once stressed by the United Nations more than once through the span of its long history. A few achievements have denoted the advancement of feasible turn of events, including the milestone 1972 United Nations Conference on Human Environment in Stockholm, which prompted the foundation of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and numerous other natural assurance offices. Countries came to understand that the far reaching development of natural debasement required worldwide consideration and joint effort instead of segregated national methodologies and arrangements. Inside 10 years after Stockholm, the world started to rea

Law and Ethics Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Question: Break down the idea of lewd behavior. Discuss activities that comprise inappropriate behavior in the training condition. How much of the time does it happen? Answer: According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), a demonstration is said to be a demonstration of inappropriate behavior when there are any lewd gestures which are unwanted for favors that are sexual in nature or some other physical or verbal direct takes puts that are sexual in nature (An Overview of Sexual Harassment, 2016). There are two sorts inappropriate activities that happen in training condition (a) renumeration when the scholarly choice with respect to an understudy is needy upon the accommodation of the understudy to a direct that is sexual in nature; (b) antagonistic condition this happens when there is lead that is unwelcomed of sexual nature which makes an undermining, harsh, scaring condition of learning or is enticing, persevering and serious to the degree that the capacity to profit or partake gets influenced. It is anyway not constantly important, however is progressively predominant, that it is just somebody with power and force which participates in a conduct that is bugging. It tends to be peers or an understudy bugging an administrator also (Kingsbury, 2016). The instance of lewd behavior are the most disputed and generally common in different instructive foundations, and there is a great deal that is being finished by the organizations that such exercises are forestalled (An Overview of Sexual Harassment, 2016). In a milestone instance of Bethel School District v. Fraser, A Minor, et al. 478 U.S. 675 (1986) wherein a selecting discourse by an understudy in a school general get together depicting an applicant with sexual illustrations which were solid. The issue that was raised was whether this discourse was ensured under the First Amendment. The court opined that there might be the assurance by the schools that a few methods of articulations are not suitable, and assents might be material to the discourse. The court held that there should be a harmony between the opportunity that was undoubted with respect to support of disputable and disagreeable issues in study halls and schools against the countervailing enthusiasm of the general public in showing the fitting social conduct and its limits. There was an exceeding of the indecent and profane discourse from the First Amendment right of the understudy (Bethel School District v. Fraser, A Minor, et al., 1986). On the off chance that there is the understudy to understudy inappropriate behavior and there is the disappointment with respect to the school to make fitting move, at that point the school will be held at risk for it. On account of Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education (119 S.Ct. 1661) Sandra Day O. Connor while composing for lion's share opined that under Law Title IX will be subject under government law. For this situation a fifth-grade young lady LaShonda Davis of Macon, GA was grabbed at routinely be her cohort. She disclosed to her educators, however they didn't pay regard to her, gradually her evaluations in class fell, and she got self-destructive. Later the kid admitted and moved region after the guardians had recorded a criminal grumbling against him. They additionally took an out a lewd behavior/sex separation argument against the school too (Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, 1999). Early endeavors to control a conceivably annoying circumstance are significant. Conduct accepted to be inappropriate behavior ought to be accounted for quickly, particularly on the off chance that it is repeating. The University must think about episodes of lewd behavior so as to stop them and to forestall future occurrences. Managers and others in an administrative job must pay attention to lewd behavior. All individuals from the University people group ought to stay away from conduct or direct toward another part which could be deciphered as lewd behavior. Potential guilty parties ought to comprehend that lewd behavior is a genuine issue that can have genuine outcomes. References An Overview of Sexual Harassment. (2016). Methodologies. Recovered from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08924562.2005.10591145#.U-0pcKOwU08 Bethel School District v. Fraser, A Minor, et al., 478 U.S. 675 (1986). Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, 119 S.Ct. 1661 (1999). Kingsbury, A. (2016). Toward a more secure grounds: The ivory tower is more secure than any time in recent memory, however more shields may in any case be required. U.S. News World Report, 4852.

Monday, June 29, 2020

High performance liquid chromatography 214 - Free Essay Example

Introduction High performance liquid chromatography 214 is the most widely used of all of the analytical separation techniques. The reasons for the popularity of the method is its sensitivity, ready adaptability to accurate quantitative determinations, suitability for separating non-volatile species or thermally fragile ones, wide spread applicability to substance that are of prime interest to industry, many fields of science and the public. The applications of chromatography have grown explosively in the last fifty years owing not only to the development of several new types of chromatographic techniques but also to the growing need by scientist for better methods for characterizing complex mixtures. General methodology for the development of new HPLC methods 215-228 HPLC method development follows the series of steps summarized below. Information on sample, objective of separation. Need for special HPLC procedure, sample pretreatment etc. Choice of detector and detector settings. Choosing LC method, preliminary run, estimation of best separation conditions. Optimization of separation conditions. Check for problems or requirement for special procedure. a) Recovery of purified material b) Quantitative calibration c) Qualitative method Validate method for routine laboratory use. A good method development strategy should require only as many experimental runs as are necessary to achieve the desired final result. Finally, method development should be simple as possible, yet it should allow the use of sophisticated tools such as computer modeling if these are available. Before the beginning of method development, it is necessary to review what is known about the sample in order to define the goals of separation. The kinds of sample related information that can be important are summarized in Table-7.1. Number of compounds present in the sample Chemical structures of components Molecular weights of compounds PKa values of compounds UV spectra of compounds Concentration range of various compounds in samples of interest Sample solubility The chemical composition of the sample can provide valuable clues for the best choice of initial conditions for an HPLC separation. Objectives of separation The objectives of HPLC separation need to be specified clearly include. The use of HPLC to isolate purified sample components for spectral identification or quantitative analysis. It may be necessary to separate all degradants or impurities from a product for reliable content assay. In quantitative analysis, the required levels of accuracy and precision should be known (a precision of 1 to 2% is usually achievable). Whether a single HPLC procedure is sufficient for raw material or one or more formulations and / or different procedures are desired for the analysis of formulations? When the number of samples for analysis at one time is greater than 10, a run time of less than 20 min. will be oftenly important. Knowledge on the desired HPLC equipment, experience and academic training the operators have. Sample pretreatment and detection Samples for analysis come in various forms such as: Solutions ready for injections. Solutions that require dilution, buffering, addition of an internal standard or other volumetric manipulation. Solids that must first be dissolved or extracted. Samples that require pretreatment to remove interference and/or protect the column or equipment from damage. Most samples for HPLC analysis require weighing and / or volumetric dilution before injection. Best results are often obtained when the composition of the sample solvent is close to that of the mobile phase since this minimizes baseline upset and other problems. Some samples require a partial separation ( pretreatment) prior to HPLC, because of need to remove interference, concentrate sample analytes or eliminate column killer. In many cases the development of an adequate sample pretreatment can be challenging than achieving a good HPLC separation. The detector selected should sense all sample components of interest. Variable-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) detectors normally are the first choice, because of their convenience and applicability for most samples. For this reason information on the UV spectra can be an important aid for method development. When the UV response of the sample is inadequate, other detectors are available (flourescence, electrochemical, PDA etc.) or the sample can be derivatized for enhanced detection. Developing the method for the separation Selecting an HPLC method and initial conditions If HPLC is chosen for the separation, the next step is to classify the sample as regular or special. Regular samples means typical mixtures of small molecules (2000 Da) that can be separated using more or less standardized starting conditions. Exceptions or special samples are usually better separated with a different column and customized conditions as summarized in Table-8.2. Regular samples can be further classified as neutral or ionic. Table-8.3 summarizes the appropriate experimental conditions for the initial reversed phase separation of regular samples. Samples classified as ionic include acids, bases, amphoteric compounds and organic salts. If the sample is neutral, buffers or additives are generally not required in the mobile phase. Acidic or basic samples, usually require the addition of the buffer to the mobile phase. For basic or cationic samples, less acidic reverse phase columns are recommended (Table-8.4) and amine additives for the mobile phase may be beneficial. Usin g these conditions, the first exploratory run is carried out and then improved systematically as discussed below. Table-8.2 Handling of special sample Sample Requirements Inorganic ions Detection is primary problems; use ion chromatography Isomers Some isomers can be separated by reversed-phase HPLC and are then classified as regular samples; better separations of isomers are obtainable using either (1) normal-phase HPLC or (2) reversed-phase separations with cyclodextrin-silica columns. Enantiomers These compounds require chiral conditions for their separations. Biological Several factors make samples or this kind special; molecular conformation, polar functionality and a wide range of hydrophobicity. Macromolecules Big molecules require column packing with large pores( 10-nm diameters); in addition, biological molecules require special conditions as noted above. Table-8.3 Preferred experimental conditions for the initial HPLC separation Separation variable Preferred initial choice Column Dimensions (length, ID) 15 x 0.46 cm Particle size 5 mma Stationary phase C8 or C18 Mobile phase Solvent A and B Buffer-acetonitrile % B 80-100%b Buffer (compound, pH, concentration) 25mM potassium phosphate 2.0pH3.0e Additives (e.g., amine modifiers, ion pair reagents) Do not use initially Flow rate 1.52.0 ml/min Temperature 35-45C Sample Size Volumed 25 mL Weightd 100 mg B : Polar solvent a 3.5 mm particles are an alternative using a 7.5 cm column b For an initial isocratic run; an initial gradient run is preferred. c No buffer required for neutral samples; for pH2.5, pH-stable columns are recommended. d Smaller values required for smaller-volume columns (e.g., 7.50.46-cm, 3.5-mm column). Table-8.4 Physical properties of silica supports for some C 18 columns Column (mL/mL) Pore diameter (nm) Surface area (m2/g) Percent Porosity Hypersil ODS 12 170 57 LiChrosorb C18 10 355 71 Novapak C18 6 N/Aa N/Aa Nucleosil C18 10 350 69` Symmetry C18 10 335 66 Zorbax ODS 6 300 55 Zorbax Rx, SB, XDB 8 180 50 a N/A : Not available On the basis of the initial exploratory run isocratic or gradient elution can be selected as most suitable. If typical reversed-phase conditions provide insufficient sample retention, suggesting the use of either ion pair on normal phase HPLC. Alternatively, the sample may be strongly retained with 100% acetonitrile as mobile phase, suggesting the use of non-aqueous reversed-phase (NARP) chromatography or normal phase HPLC. Some characteristics of reversed-phase and other HPLC methods are summarized below. Table-8.5 Characteristics of primary HPLC methods Method / description/ columns Preferred method Reversed-phase HPLC Uses water organic mobile phase Columns: C18 (ODS), C8, phenyl, trimethylsilyl (TMS), Cyano First choice for most samples, especially neutral or non-ionisable compounds that dissolve in water-organic mixtures Ion-pair HPLC Uses water-organic mobile phase a buffer to control pH and an ion pair reagent. Column : C18, C8, cyano. Acceptable choice for ionic or ionizable compounds, especially bases or cations. Normal phase HPLC Uses mixtures of organic solvents as mobile phase Columns: Cyano, diol, amino and silica. Good second choice when reversed-phase or ion-pair HPLC is ineffective, first choice for lipophilic samples that do not dissolve well in water-organic mixtures, first choice for mixtures of isomers and for preparative-scale HPLC (silica best) Getting started on method development One approach is to use an isocratic mobile phase of some average solvent strength (e.g., 50%) organic solvent. A better alternative is to use a very strong mobile phase with (80-100% B), then reduce %B as necessary. The initial separation with 100%B results in rapid elution of the entire sample, but few groups will separate. Decreasing solvent strength shows the rapid separation of all components with a much longer run time, with a broadening of later bands and reduced detection sensitivity. Improving the separation and repeatable separation Generally the chromatographers will consider several aspects of the separation, as summarized in Table-8.6. Table-8.6 Objectives of separation in HPLC method development Objectivesa Comment Resolution Precise and rugged quantitative analysis requires that Rs be greater than 1.5. Separation time 5-10 min is desirable for routine procedures. Quantitation 2% (1 SD) for assays; 5% for less-demanding analysis; 15% for trace analysis. Pressure 150 bar is desirable, 200 bar is usually essential (new column assumed) Peak height Narrow peaks are desirable for large signal / noise ratios Solvent consumption Minimum mobile-phase use per run is desirable. a Roughly in order of decreasing importance but may vary with analysis requirements. Separation or resolution is a primary requirement in quantitative HPLC. The resolution (Rs) value should be maximum (Rs1.5) favours maximum precision. Resolution usually degrades during the life of the column and can vary from day to day with minor fluctuations in separation conditions. Therefore, values of Rs = 2 or greater should be the goal during method development for simple mixtures. Such resolution will favour both improved assay precision and greater method ruggedness. Some HPLC assays do not require base line separation of the compounds of interest (qualitative analysis). In such cases only enough separation of individual components is required to provide characteristic retention times for peak identification. The time required for a separation (run time = retention time for base band) should be as short as possible and the total time spent on method development is reasonable (runtimes 5 to 10 minutes are desirable). Conditions for the final HPLC method should be selected so that the operating pressure with a new column does not exceed 170 bar (2500 psi) and upper pressure limit below 2000 psi is desirable. There are two reasons for that pressure limit, despite the fact that most HPLC equipment can be operated at much higher pressures. First, during the life of a column, the back pressure may rise by a factor of as much as 2 due to the gradual plugging of the column by particular matter. Second, at lower pressures 170 bars, pumps, sample values and especially auto samples operate much better, seals last longer, columns tend to plug less and system reliability is significantly improved. For these reasons, a target pressure of less than 50% of the maximum capability of the pump is desirable. When dealing with more challenging samples or if the goals of separation are particularly stringent, a large number of method development runs may be required to achieve acceptable separation. Repeatable separation As the experimental runs described above are being carried out, it is important to confirm that each chromatogram can be repeated. When changing conditions (mobile phase, column, and temperature) between method development experiments, enough time must elapse for the column to come into equilibrium with a new mobile phase and temperature. Usually column equilibration is achieved after passage of 10 to 20 column volumes of the new mobile phase through the column. However, this should be confirmed by carrying out a repeat experiment under the same conditions. When constant retention times are observed in two such back-to-back repeat experiments ( 0.5% or better), it can be assumed that the column is equilibrated and the experiments are repeatable. Completing the HPLC method development The final procedure should meet all the objectives that were defined at the beginning of method development. The method should also be robust in routine operation and usable by all laboratories and personnel for which it is intended. Quantitation and method validation One of the strengths of HPLC is that is an excellent quantitative analytical technique. HPLC can be used for the quantitation of the primary or major component of a sample (including pure samples) for mixture of many compounds at intermediate concentrations and for the assessment of trace impurity concentrations in matrix. Method validation, according to the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), is performed to ensure that an analytical methodology is accurate, specific, reproducible and rugged over the specified range that an analyte will be analysed. Method validation provides an assurance of reliability during normal use and is sometimes described as the process of providing documented evidence that the method does what it is intended to do. According to USP, the method validation involves eight steps as given below. Precision Accuracy Limit of detection Limit of quantitation Specificity Linearity and range Ruggedness Robustness Precision and accuracy: Already discussed in chapter-1. Linearity The linearity of the method is a measure of how well a calibration plot of response v/s concentration approximates a straight line, or how well the data fit to the linear equation. Y = aX + b Where Y is the response, X is the concentration, a is the slope and b is the intercept of a line fit to the data. Ideally, a linear relationship is preferred (b = 0) because it is more precise, easier for calculations and can be defined with fewer standards. Also, UV detector response for a dilute sample is expected to follow Beers law and be linear. Therefore, a linear calibration gives evidence that the system is performing properly throughout the concentration range of interest. Generally in HPLC, if we are using internal standard, then the linearity plot is to be drawn by taking concentration of the analyte on x-axis and the ratio of area under the curve (AUC) of analyte to AUC of internal standard (IS) on y-axis. The resulting plot slope, intercept and correlation coefficient provide the desired information on linearity. A linearity correlation coefficient above 0.999 is acceptable for most methods. Limit of detection (LOD) The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest concentration that can be detected reliably. The LOD represents the concentration of analyte that would yield a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) The LOQ is the concentration that can be quantitated reliably with a specified level of accuracy and precision. The LOQ represents the concentration of analyte that would yield a signal-to-noise ratio of 10. LOD and LOQ can be determined by using the following expressions. LOD = 3 X N / B LOQ = 10 X N / B Where N is the noise estimate, is the standard deviation of the peak area ratio of analyte to IS (5 injections) of the drugs. B is the slope of the corresponding calibration curve. The LOD and LOQ values determined during method validation are affected by the separation conditions, columns, reagents and especially instrumentation and data systems. Ruggedness Method ruggedness is defined as the reproducibility of results when the method is performed under actual use conditions. This includes different analysts, laboratories, columns, instruments, sources, chemicals, solvents etc. method ruggedness may not be known when a method is first developed, but insight is obtained during subsequent use of that method. Robustness The concept of robustness of an analytical procedure has been defined by the ICH as a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small, but deliberate variations in method parameters. The robustness of a method is the ability to remain unaffected by small changes in parameters such as pH of the mobile phase, temperature, percentage of organic solvent and buffer concentration etc. to determine robustness of the method experimental conditions were purposely altered and chromatographic characteristics were evaluated. To study the pH effect on the retention (K1) of the drug, buffer pH is to be changed by 0.2 units. At certain point, retention will increase at any pH above and below of the pH unit. The effect of temperature on the retention characteristics (K1) of the drug is to be studied by changing the temperature in steps 2C from room temperature to 80C and see the effect of temperature on the resolution and peak shape. Effect of percentage organic strength on retention is to be studied by varying the percentage of organic solvents like acetonitrile, methanol etc. from 0 to 2% while the other mobile phase contents are held constant and observe the K1. At certain point decreases in K1 observed with increase in the level of organic solvent. Effect of buffer concentration should be checked at three concentration levels i.e. 0.025 M, 0.05 M and 0.1 M and observe retention time and resolution. Stability To generate reproducible and reliable results, the samples, standards and reagents used for the HPLC method must be stable for a reasonable time (e.g., One day, one week, one month, depending on the need). For example, the analysis of even a single sample may require 10 or more chromatographic runs to determine system suitability, including standard concentrations to create a working analytical curve and duplicate or triplicate injections of the sample to be assayed. Therefore, a few hours of standard and sample solution stability can be required even for a short (10 min.) separation. When more than one sample is analyzed, automated, over night runs often are performed for better laboratory efficiency. Typically, 24 hours stability is desired for all solutions and reagents that need to be prepared for each analysis. Mobile phases should be chosen to avoid stability problems, especially the use of amine additives or specific solvents. For example, mobile phase containing THF (tetra hydrofuran) are known to be susceptible to oxidation, therefore, the mobile phase should be prepared daily with fresh THF. Some buffered mobile phases cause problems for example, phosphate and acetate provide good media for microbial growth. Sodium oxide (0.1%) is often added to the mobile phase buffer to inhibit such growth, adding more than 5% of organic solvent is also effective. Long term column stability is critical for method ruggedness. Even the best HPLC column will eventually degrade and lose its initial performance, often as a function of the number of samples injected. System suitability System suitability experiments can be defined as tests to ensure that the method can generate results of acceptable accuracy and precision. The requirements for system suitability are usually developed after method development and validation have been completed. The criteria selected will be based on the actual performance of the method as determined during its validation. For example, if sample retention times forms part of the system suitability criteria, their variation (SD) during validation can be determined, system suitability might then require that retention times fall within a 3 SD range during routine performance of the method. The USP (2000) defines parameters that can be used to determine system suitability prior to analysis. These parameters include plate number (N), tailing factor, k and / or a, resolution (Rs) and relative standard deviation (RSD) of peak height or peak area for respective injections. The RSD of peak height or area of five injections of standard solution is normally accepted as one of the standard criteria. For an assay method of a major component, the RSD should typically be less than 1% for these five respective injections. The plate number and / or tailing factor are used if the run contains only one peak. For chromatographic separations with more than one peak, such as an internal standard assay or an impurity method, expected to contain many peaks, some measure of separations such as Rs is recommended. Reproducibility of tR or k value for a specific compound also defines system performance. The column performance can be defined in terms of column plate number N is defined by N = 5.54 (tR / W)2 Where tR is the retention time of the peak and W is the width of the peak at half peak height. The resolution of two adjacent peaks can be calculated by using the formula Rs = 1.18 (t2-t1) / W0.5.1 +W0.5.2 Where t1 and t2 are retention times of the adjacent peaks and W0.5.1 and W0.5.2 are the width of the peaks at half height. Rs = 2.0 or greater is a desirable target for method development. The retention factor k is given by the equation. k = (tR t0) / t0 where tR is the band retention time and t0 is the column dead time. The peak symmetry can be represented in terms of peak asymmetry factor and peak tailing factor, which can be calculated by using the following formula. Peak asymmetry factor = B /A Where B is the distance at 50% peak height between leading edge to the perpendicular drawn from the peak maxima and A is the width of the peak at half height. According to USP (2000) peak tailing factor can be calculated by using the formula T = W0.05 / 2f Where W0.05 is the width of the peak at 5% height and f is the distance from the peak maximum to the leading edge of the peak, the distance being measured at a point 50% of the peak height from the base line.

Wednesday, May 27, 2020

Reflection of the art - 275 Words

Reflection of Art (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Course:Instructor:Date:Reflection of the artMy first impressions after viewing the picture were a woman hovering over a human skeleton. She seems to be mourning the loss of a loved one, possibly a lover. Her face exudes sorrow but also shows relief perhaps for finding the remains of her cherished lover. The human skull caught my attention immediately I saw the picture. Rather than exude horror and grief, the human skull stares as if it is grinning back to the hovering woman. It protracts a scene such as consolation and comfort to the living woman. Dead human bodies are essentially regarded as horrendous and stupefying. However, this picture paints a relaxed and poised scene.I was surprised to see the gothic human skeleton staring at the humbled and at ease woman. Indeed, I was ghastly caught unawares by the serenity and peace in the picture. Although the lying person is long dead and decayed, the woman hovering over it is at peace with the situation. Nonetheless, she is distraught, mournful and sorrowful. In addition, she appears to have accepted what transpired an indication of relief. I really liked and marveled at the conspicuous display of several emotions efficaciously. This picture managed to capture the mixed emotions evidently prevalent in the scene.In spite of all, I was flustered and wav...

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Treating Jellyfish and Man-O-War Stings

Its beach weather! The ocean is full of fun, but its also full of wildlife, including jellyfish. Do you know what to do if you or someone with you sees a jellyfish or is stung by one? You should know the answer to these questions before you go to the beach since an encounter with a jellyfish can be a painful or possibly lethal experience. As a matter of practical chemistry, your biggest risk from a jellyfish or man of war sting may come from improper first aid intended to deal with the venom, so pay attention... Key Takeaways: Treating Jellyfish and Man of War Stings Jellyfish and the Portuguese man-of-war can deliver painful and potentially life-threatening stings.The first step of first aid is to remove the victim from the water. While some people are allergic to venom, the main risk comes from drowning.Seek emergency aid if the victim is having trouble breathing.For simple stings, use a shell or credit card to remove any tentacles clinging to skin.Vinegar is the most common chemical used to deactivate the stinging cells. While its fine to use salt water to rinse the area, fresh water should be avoided because it can cause stinging cells to release venom all at once.Its best to avoid jellyfish. Tentacles from dead animals can still sting! Question: What should you do if you see a jellyfish?Best Answer: Leave it alone.If its in the water, get away from it. If its on the beach and you need to walk around it, walk above it (dune side) rather than below it (surf side), since it may be trailing tentacles. Keep in mind a jellyfish does not need to be alive in order to sting you. Detached tentacles are capable of stinging and releasing venom for several weeks.My Actual Answer: It depends on what kind of jellyfish it is.I realize if it looks like floating jelly, its considered a jellyfish, but there are different types of jellyfish and also animals that look like jellyfish but are something else entirely. Not all jellyfish can hurt you. The jellyball pictured above, for example, is common off the coast of South Carolina, where I live. What do you do when you see one? If you are a kid, youll probably pick it up and throw it at another kid (unless its alive and then you avoid it because they kind of hurt when the waves throw on e at you). This is a non-venomous jellyfish. Most parts of the world have non-venomous jellyfish, which tend to be easy-to-spot. Its the jellyfish you dont see that present the biggest threat. Many jellyfish are transparent. The moon jellyfish is a common example. You probably wont see them in the water, so if you are stung you wont know exactly what got you. If you see a jellyfish and dont know what type it is, treat it like a venomous species and get away from it. The Portuguese man of war has a pink or blue float. Darieus / Getty Images Question: How do I treat a jellyfish sting?Answer: Act quickly and calmly to remove the tentacles, stop the stinging, and deactivate any toxin.Here is where people get confused because the best steps to take depend on what type of animal caused the sting. Heres a good basic strategy, especially if you dont know what caused the sting: Get out of the water. Its easier to deal with the sting and it takes drowning out of the equation.Rinse the affected area with sea water. Do not use fresh water! Fresh water will cause any stinging cells that havent fired (called nematocysts) to do so and release their venom, possibly worsening the situation. Do not rub sand on the area (same reason).If you see any tentacles, carefully lift them off the skin and remove them with a stick, shell, credit card, or towel (just not your bare hand). They will stick to swimwear, so use caution touching clothing.Keep an eye on the victim. If you see any signs of an allergic reaction, call 911 immediately. Symptoms could include difficulty breathing, nausea, or dizziness. Some redness and swelling is normal, but if it spreads outward from the sting or if you see hives on other parts of the body, that could indicate an allergic response. If you suspect a reaction, do not hesitate to seek medical attention!Now... if you are sure the sting is fro m a jellyfish and not a Portuguese Man of War the Man of War is not a true jellyfish) or any other animal, you can use chemistry to your advantage to inactivate the toxin, which is a protein. (Technically the venom tends to be a mixture of polypeptides and proteins including catecholamines, histamine, hyaluronidase, fibrolysins, kinins, phospholipases, and assorted toxins). How do you inactivate proteins? You can change the temperature or acidity by applying heat or an acid or base, such as vinegar or baking soda or diluted ammonia, or even an enzyme, such as the papain found in papaya and meat tenderizer. However, chemicals may cause the stinging cells to fire, which is bad news for someone allergic to jellyfish toxin or anyone stung by a Portuguese Man of War. If you do not know what caused the sting or if you suspect it is from a Man of War, do not apply fresh water or any chemical. Your best course of action is to apply heat to the affected area since it penetrates the skin and inactivates the toxin without causing more venom to be injected. Also, heat quickly helps alleviate the pain of the sting. Hot seawater is great, but if you dont have that handy, use any warmed object.Some people carry aloe vera gel, Benadryl cream, or hydrocortisone cream. Im not sure how effective the aloe is, but Benadryl is an antihistamine, which may help limit an allergic response to the sting. Hydrocortisone can help reduce inflammation. If you seek medical attention and used Benadryl or hydrocortisone, be sure to alert the medical professionals. Acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen commonly are used to relieve pain.The Portuguese Man of War (Physalia physalis) looks a lot like a jellyfish, but it is a different animal. While the blue or pink sail cannot harm you, the trailing tentacles pack a potentially-lethal sting. The tentacles can sting you even if the animal is dead.

Saturday, May 16, 2020

John Franklin D. Roosevelt s The Pearl Harbor Address Essay

I interpret the phrase, â€Å"Times of terror are times of eloquence,† as meaning that traumatic or undesirable situations produce memorable speeches which guide people into action or change attitudes. Emerson’s saying suggests the best speaking and writing rises from troubling events. The quote relates to the notion in Bitzer’s essay that true rhetorical discourse occurs when a speaker addresses an audience in response to a situation in order to induce change. An example of this in a historical context is President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Pearl Harbor Address. A response to a terrible event, the speech explained the situation of the attack on Pearl Harbor and urged Congress to declare war. Roosevelt’s words also served to change the attitude of the American people from one of neutrality to one of a nation at war. The Pearl Harbor Address relates to Emerson’s quote because it occurred during a very dark time in the United States, yet it united the country and became a historic speech. The character Rocky Balboa’s speech to his son in the film Rocky Balboa is a cultural example relatable to the phrase, â€Å"Times of terror are times of eloquence.† In this particular scene of the movie, Rocky faces a major upcoming fight of which he admits he is scared to death. Meanwhile, his son is struggling at his job and reveals that he blames his father for it. In this moment, Rocky delivers a passionate speech, in which he encourages his son to persevere when he encounters obstacles, and toShow MoreRelatedFdr : A Protagonist Or Antagonist? Essay2098 Words   |  9 PagesFDR: A Protagonist or Antagonist? On December 7th, 1941, Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese forces. The very next day, Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed the United States Congress with his memorable speech including â€Å"a date which will live in infamy.† Next, I would like to bring focus to the rhetorical aspect of the main purpose and the relevance of FDR’s captivating speech. The speech that was held on December 8th. 1941 had two purposes. One was to urge Congress to formally declare war on JapanRead MoreEleanor Roosevelt Was A Remarkable First Lady Who Forever1498 Words   |  6 PagesEleanor Roosevelt was a remarkable First Lady who forever changed the concept and role a First Lady plays. Giving radio addresses, writing her own newspaper column, being watched by the FBI, and being the nation’s longest serving First Lady are all part of what makes Eleanor Roosevelt a truly remarkable person. Eleanor took the role as first lady and completely revolutionized the expectations of a First Lady . Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884 into a very wealthy family. Her parents andRead MoreReasons for the Attack on Pearl Harbor Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack on the naval base at Pearl Harbor was the last straw that led to the United States joining World War II as part of the Allied Power. The bombing was in reaction to many economic sanctions that were placed on Japan, so the bombing was not just to make the United States mad. We can see many reasons as to why Japan would bomb Pearl Harbor. There were many events that led up to Japan making the decision to bomb Pearl Harbor. It all started with JapanRead MorePolitical Party During The 20th Century1411 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion as to which political party was more successful during the 20th century. Although determining the outcome of which political party performed better depended solely on the different circumstances that presented themselves during each party s administrations, the Democratic party performed better with the growth of the economy and the success of their foreign policy, while Republicans had the better track record when it came to criminal justice. The Republican and Democratic parties haveRead MoreThe First Two Terms Of Franklin D. Roosevelt1803 Words   |  8 Pagestwo terms of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency focused on bringing the nation out of the depression. Within the first hundred days of his presidency, FDR immediately planned a program called the New Deal to get Americans jobs so they can begin to contribute money to the economy and stimulate it again (â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt Biography†). The first problem he attempted to solve was bank closing as at the time, nearly every bank in the nation had been shut down (â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt†). FDR calledRead MorePresidential Greatness-Fdr4850 Words   |  20 Pagesgreatness is that presidential greatness can only be attained when the exceptional leadership, visionary, and transformational accomplishments of a president have a long-term positive impact and change the course of American history. Franklin D. Roosevelt achieved presidential greatness because he led the United States out of the Great Depression and to victory in the Second World War. His transformational accomplishments during his four terms as president changed the course of American historyRead MoreThe Attack At Pearl Harbor Essay1840 Words   |  8 PagesThe attack began at 7:55 a.m. on December 7, 1941. All types of Japanese planes attacked the area around the United States military base at Pearl Harbor, destroying or severely damaging 8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, and 4 other naval vessels. The attack was devastating. Casualties among American service personnel, both from the Navy and Marine Corps, summed to a total of 2,117 deaths, and 779 others wounded in action. General Walter Short, the American general in charge of the defenseRead MoreEssay on Franklin Delano Roosevelt1969 Words   |  8 PagesBiography of Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt, popularly known as FDR, was born on January 30, 1882 at the family estate in Hyde Park, New York. His father, James, graduated from Harvard Law School, married, had a son, and took over his family?s rights in coal and transportation. Despite the fact that he lost a good deal of money in financial gambles, he remained wealthy enough to travel by private railroad car, to live comfortably on his Hudson River estate at Hyde ParkRead MoreFranklin Delano Roosevelt Essay2497 Words   |  10 PagesFranklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt is among the most remembered U.S. Presidents. Serving as President for more than twelve years, he was the only President to be elected four times. Roosevelt led the United States through its worst depression and its worst war. He tried his best to stay optimistic with our country and the decisions he made. In Roosevelts first inaugural address, he asked for faith in Americas future. He told the country, The only thing we have to fearRead MorePropaganda During The Revolutionary War3756 Words   |  16 Pagesdefinition, according to Merriam-Webster: Ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc. Ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further one s cause or to damage an opposing cause; also: a public action having such an effect. So, by definition, propaganda can be used either in a positive or negative manner depending on ones motivation. Also, it is dependent on the audience upon whom one

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Prison System - 1495 Words

Prison inmates, are some of the most maladjusted people in society. Most of the inmates have had too little discipline or too much, come from broken homes, and have no self-esteem. They are very insecure and are at war with themselves as well as with society (Szumski 20). Most inmates did not learn moral values or learn to follow everyday norms. Also, when most lawbreakers are labeled criminals they enter the phase of secondary deviance. They will admit they are criminals or believe it when they enter the phase of secondary deviance (Doob 171). Next, some believe that if we want to rehabilitate criminals we must do more than just send them to prison. For instance, we could give them a chance to acquire job skills; which will improve†¦show more content†¦However, it is said that group counseling can do little to destroy the power of labeling (Bennett 26). The differential-association theory emphasizes that a person is more likely to become a criminal if the people who have the greatest influence upon them are criminals (Doob 169). Most of todays correctional institutions lack the ability and programs to rehabilitate the criminals of America. One can predict that a prisoner held for two, four, eight or ten years, then released , still with no educationling, there is disadvantages. For instance, members of the group might not be as open or show emotion because they want to appear tough. Also the members might not express their opinions openly because the others might see it as snitching. For the group to work it takes a dedicated counselor (Bennett 22-23). Another type of correctional center used for rehabilitation is halfway houses. Halfway houses are usually located in residential communities and are aimed to keep offenders in the community. The name comes from the fact that they are halfway between the community and the prison (Fox 60). The rationale behind halfway houses is that criminal activity originates in the community, so the community has a responsibility to try to correct it. Also, sending a person who has deviant behavior and who has been associated with criminal influences, to prison would just make the problem worse (Fox 61). The best place for treatment is in the community; thisShow MoreRelatedThe Prison System And The Prisons System Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagesrealize how much prison affects someone. In the US the prison system is completely different than the prison system in Denmark. After watching Prison State, I didn’t really know what the pros were of our prison system. I saw more cons than pros. I was completely shocked by the way that Denmark runs their prison system. The video confused me a bit, so I did some research and found an article that I understood a little bit better about Denmark’s prison system. The US prison system is definitely moreRead MorePrison And The Prison System Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscouragement for humans is through the prison system. Because of this, these humans or inmates, are sentenced to spend a significant part of their life in a confined, small room. With that being said, the prison life can leave a remarkable toll on the inmates life in many different categories. The first and arguably most important comes in the form of mental health. Living in prison with have a great impact on the psychological part of your life. For example, The prison life is a very much different wayRead MoreThe Prison System1048 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Exam Essay Question #2 Question: Discuss the history of the prison system in the United States. Be sure to identify the various stages that the American prison system has gone through. Also identify what problems were present with each stage as you see them. Response: American prison system incarceration was not officially used as the main form of punishment in United States (U.S.) until around the 1800’s. Before that time criminals were mainly punished by public shaming, which involved punishmentsRead MorePrison Authority And The Prison System947 Words   |  4 Pagesprisoners possess zero authority in the prison system. They have no control over any aspect of their daily lives, but instead they are minded by prison jurisdiction. Prison guards and wardens possess the power to do anything that they please within those brick walls. This is an issue that society has been aware of for many decades; however, there has been little to no effort to change the conditions. Many prisoners have sought to inform society of how these prison authority figures abuse their powerRead MoreThe Judicial System And Prison System1594 Words   |  7 Pagesare corrupt, how the police are corrupt, and how America’s whole legal system is uncontrolled. †Å"I was innocent but was still jailed†; â€Å"the cops only targeted me because I was black†; and â€Å"How am I to live after ten years of imprisonment†. There’s a need for a reformation or policy changes in how America handles the judicial system and prison system because, currently, it’s chaotic, unfair, and overwhelming. In the judicial system there have been many cases where people have done the same crime, butRead MoreReforming Prisons : Reforming The Prison System Essay2140 Words   |  9 Pages Reforming our Prison System With the population of the United States prisons growing every day we need to evaluate if they are doing any good. Personally, I believe that we need to keep our prison system, but we need to take steps in reforming them rather than abolish them altogether. The United States has the highest number of incarcerated people than any other country in the world. We must sit down and look at other countries and see what they are doing different than the United States. In thisRead MoreThe Prison System And The Jail System1352 Words   |  6 Pagesbe discussing is about the jail system. First, I will define the jail system, and what this system can do for the citizens. Second address the cons and pros about the jail system by illustrating the topic into main bullet points. Third, voice my thoughts about the jail system with adding pros and cons to a political action I should address, and concluding which action I am going to take to further y concern about the jail system. When hearing abou t the jail system, this is a political issue indeedRead MoreThe Death Of The Prison System1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe prison system has seen huge changes from the American Colonel days to now. At first punishment was a way to inflict pain in suffering onto prisoners. By doing this it set an example to detour crime. Punishment throughout time has changed with the building of prison systems and labor being implemented. Today punishment is carried out much different than in the past. Punishment is way to keep order and discipline throughout society. Punishments focus more now on rehabilitation then it does toRead MoreThe Punishment Of Prison System825 Words   |  4 Pages In principle, prison system plays important role in the society through reforming and punishing offenders sent to prison and preventing potential offenders. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of in prisoners in the US prisons system, because prison is used as the primary corre ction facility for offenders while ensuring justice to offended (Guerino 20). Prisons comprise of offenders who are above the county jail level. Further, inmates comprise of people from differentRead MoreThe Death Of The Prison System956 Words   |  4 Pagesmany sought to revolutionize the system of punishing offenders. Moving from the barbaric practices of the earlier centuries, many governmental officials sought to ride crime through deterrence. Thus the birth of the prison system began. They believed that taking away a person’s freedom was a way to scare offenders into not committing criminal acts. However, with the number of incarcerated offenders increasing yearly, the statistics show that the penal system is a failure. This essay will look

Baker Hughes - 1028 Words

FOREIGN CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT 1. Discuss the economic and social impact of brides and other similar payments in emerging economies. Corruption can take many forms and can be found in many countries, but mainly in the emerging ones. The main form of corruption is the bribery in the form of payments demanded by the government or ministry officials in exchange for a favor (granting a service, awarding a business).Corruption affects all the businesses that interfere with the government, but studies have shown that certain industries are more exposed to it. These industries are construction, airline manufacturing, power plants, and oil and gas production. In emerging economies the impact of bribes and other similar payments can affect†¦show more content†¦Overall new procedures put in place were beneficial for Baker Hughes because they improved compliance and they also improved the company’s business operations. 5. Discuss whether the payments outlined on pages 12 and 13 are foreign corrupt practices. Yes, I think that the payments outlined on pages 12 and 13 should be considered corrupt practices because of the way they were registered in the company’s books -it was in compliance with the FCPA because of the anti-bribery provision and the books and records provision. 6. Evaluate whether the changes in Exhibits 4 and 5 are likely to stop future foreign corrupt practices at Baker Hughes. All the changes in Exhibits 4 and 5 are related to the agents that Baker Hughes will use in the future. The changes in Exhibits 4 and 5 are likely to stop future corrupt practices at Baker Hughes because they will provide the company with more information about the agents that they are about to hire (information that they didn’t have before). The information is referring to agents’ background, competence, reputation, their intentions, experience, skills, and their integrity and willingness to comply with FCPA. So Baker Hughes will be able to prevent and eliminate any acts of corruptions. 7. Discuss how the compliance and governance changes are likely to impact the future profits and shareholder value at Baker Hughes. The compliance and governance changes implemented at Baker HughesShow MoreRelatedThe Risk And Uncertainty Of Halliburton1816 Words   |  8 Pagesconsolidation with Baker Hughes, another competitor in their industry (Halliburton And Baker Hughes Reach Agreement to Combine in Stock and Cash Transaction Valued at $34.6 Billion. p. 1). With this consolidation, Halliburton will acquire all assets of Baker Hughes, along with the future subsidiary’s debts. With the uncertainty of the lifetime of the oil industry, and currently facing a significant loss, Halliburton is taking a serious risk facing such a large amount of debt and acquiring Baker Hughes. DiscussionRead MoreCompany Case Study : Halliburton Company1031 Words   |  5 Pagesare strong and sustainable barriers to entry with Halliburton Company, it means that they can preserve a favorable position. B. SWOT analysis C. Competitive analysis Competitors: 1. Schlumberger 2. Weatherford International 3. Baker Hughes Accounting principles: Halliburton Company applies some accounting principles and guidelines as listed below: i. Recognition of the current asset or tax liability in order to establish estimated taxes payable or refundableRead MoreSchlumberger Logistics Report941 Words   |  4 Pagesmanufacturing, testing, and assembly to countries with possibly low cost of operations which coincidentally may also be where the market for their products services are experiencing growth. Schlumberger’s closest competitors are Halliburton and Baker Hughes. I remembered a former Colombian senator once said if these three companies vanished overnight, the world’s energy system would start to break down in a couple of days. His point of view was settled to clarify how important these companies haveRead MoreBaker Hughes Incorporated ( Bhi / Nyse )858 Words   |  4 PagesBaker Hughes Incorporated (BHI/NYSE) Baker Hughes is a top-tier oilfield service company that is headquartered in Houston, Texas. The company provides oil and gas exploration and production companies worldwide with products and services for drilling, formation valuation, production, and completion. Baker Hughes also provides services for downstream segments of the oil and gas industry. Technological innovation is at the center of Baker Hughes’ success. The company is over 100 years old, with 60,000Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Baker Hughes1158 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Baker Hughes headquarters are located in Houston Texas and is a company that participates in the global petroleum industry and offers products and services for finding, evaluating, drilling, extracting, and producing hydrocarbons. (BakerHughes) These services operate in the Americans, Europe, Russia, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia Pacific. According to the last fiscal year, Baker Hughes has 24551 million dollars in revenue and makes a profit of 1719 million dollars. With the helpRead MoreBaker Hughes: Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Study Questions1020 Words   |  5 Pagescorrupt practices, it will help deter employees from engaging in the practices. 4. Discuss the pros and cons of the two groups(independent investigators and blue-ribbon experts) used by Baker Hughes. The pros of the independent investigators were that they were from a firm separate from Baker Hughes, and did not provide any other legal work for the company. This allowed them to report to the board objectively. It is a pro that there is no conflict of interest because they have no otherRead MoreEssay about Josephine Baker2425 Words   |  10 PagesJosephine Baker While Jim Crow laws were reeking havoc on the lives of African Americans in the South, a massed exodus of Southern musicians, particularly from New Orleans, spread the seeds of Jazz as far north as New York City. A new genre of music produced fissures in the walls of racial discrimination thought to be impenetrable. Musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, King Oliver and Fletcher Henderson performed to the first desegregated audiences. Duke Ellington starredRead MoreHarlem, New York552 Words   |  2 Pageswas a time when African American Artist, Writers, Dancers, Musicians, and Doctors decided to show the world how spectacular they were. Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday, and Langston Hughes were just a few famous names that arrived during this time. One sensational woman stood out among the rest, her name was Josephine Baker. She took a stand and fought for what she believed in, she was a strong and passionate women and she never let anyone get in the way of the things she loved to do. No matter how risquà ©Read MoreEssay on A Universal Renaissance Man1291 Words   |  6 PagesA Universal Renaissance Man James Mercer Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri, to school teacher Carrie (Caroline) Mercer Langston and James Nathaniel Hughes. Hughes’ father left his family, and later divorced Carrie moving to Cuba, and then Mexico trying to escape the racism in the United States. Since his mom traveled looking for work, young Langston was being raised by his maternal grandmother, Mary Patterson Langston in Lawrence, Kansas. She told him stories of abolitionistRead MoreThe New Negro Movement, By Zora Neale Hurston1720 Words   |  7 Pagesand now, how it begun after World War 1,who were the influential people during that time period, literature/poetry, the Jazz Age, art, and how it ended due to the Great Depression. Innovator of Jazz poetry among other contributions, Langston Hughes once quoted â€Å"An artist must be free to choose what he does, certainly, but he must also never be afraid to do what he might choose.† This is an example of the mentality African Americans possessed during the time period of the Harlem Renaissance

Carl Sandburg Biography Essay Example For Students

Carl Sandburg Biography Essay Carl Sandburg was unique compare to many other poets. All of the poems that he wrote were short and straight to the point. You would not find any poems that he had written that are over a page, yet still; his poems are very easy to understand. Sandburg lived through a lot of historic events, so all of his poems were about those historic events. As you know, history isnt always exciting or easy to learn. Yet, Sandburg was able to write about those times in a way that an average high school student can understand, unlike other poets like Emily Dickinson or Edgar Allen Poe. Carl Sandburg should be included in an anthology of American poetry because of his writing technique and experience. Sandburg used a lot of the generalization methods to make his poems simpler to understand. Even though we know that sometimes-generalizing things are not good, Sandburg did a great job of it and was still able to write out everything he wanted to. Like I said, Carl Sandburg lived through some of the most famous historic events in the United States of all time. He had seen events like World War I, the roaring 1920s, the Depression, World War II, the New Deal, and the Cold War. The anthology of American poetry needs more poets with his kind of experience. Ill bet you that he never had trouble trying to figure out what to write about. The poem I chose by Carl Sandburg was a poem called JAWS. Its a poem about World War I, and it talks about how the countries that were involved in the war had a chance to prevent war, but they ignored it. This poem should be included as an example of the poets work because its saying what we think and feel. When we learn about how World War I was started, we would be thinking dont these countries realize what theyre getting themselves into and dont they have consciences. The poem JAWS talks about all these things so we can relate to it. Another reason why I think this poem should be included as an example of the poets work is because its short and straight to the point. If you were to give a high school student a choice of either reading a page long poem or a paragraph long poem, most chances are that student will pick the paragraph long one. And just because the poem JAWS is short doesnt mean its not well written or incomplete with information. It has enough information for that certain type of poem and probably even an elementary student can understand it. This poem can be included in the canon because its about history and history is being taught on for all generations. It also should be included in the canon because not many poems in the canon are as short yet still contains so much information.

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Marijuana should be legalized Essay Example For Students

Marijuana should be legalized Essay I stand pretty hard on this one. And many of my peers as well. The ones that dont are mostly the serious middle age citizens, as they enjoy calling themselves. The grandmas and grandpas dont even know about this issue, so they are not as loud on it. Lucky us! The fact is, majority of the marijuana consumers are we, the young people. Why do we do it? Why not? We are young and we want to have fun. Getting high gets our boredom away. It is easy for the serious middle aged citizens to say that this is a poor reason but, after all, they are serious. They did the same at our age. But now, of course, they are sinless. What would they say about the people that need this drug desperately for medical use? Or it is fine to be an anti-marijuana activist as long as Tylenol and Advil do it for you? How selfish! There are people out there crying out for medical help. This is their last hope. Should we ignore them? Let them suffer and die? Finally, marijuana is not as dangerous as tobacco and alcoho l, but we havent abolished them. Hundreds of thousands of deaths each year are the casualties of tobacco and alcohol consumption. But Jack Daniels and Camel ads are still on the back-cover of our favorite magazines. Not to mention the billions of dollars only US government spends fighting marijuana. Wake up Uncle Sam, there are some real dangers you need to eliminate, and marijuana is not one of them. The fun time it provides, its medical use, and the discriminations it is a subject of, support the idea of its legalization. Well, what can I say, Uncle Sam is just too busy to listen to us potheads. But, wait Uncle Sam, even your creators toke it up once in a while. Apparently, for President Clinton Lewinsky wasnt a scandal big enough, so he stepped forward and said, I smoked (marijuana), but I didnt inhale. Its like one saying, Yeah, I drank some beer, but I didnt swallow. Lets face reality. Marijuana is part of peoples lives and we cannot ignore that. People need pleasures, and mari juana seems to be our- young peoples, favorite one. So why dont you let us enjoy it? High is our association of fun. And it is so because of a reason. The feeling is beyond our imagination- minutes lasting hours, feeling happy and secure, heart bumping in the music beet If you dont believe us, there is only one way you can find the truth. Be brave and dont let fear and prejudice get on your way. The ones against legalization either havent tried marijuana and should try it before they take a stand, or have consumed marijuana and dont have the right to deny us that privilege. But, fun is not what it is all about. People that need marijuana for more fundamental reasons too. Medical use of marijuana is the most radical one. Who could deny ones need for medicine? Such inhuman act astonishes me. It is medically proven that marijuana can relieve angle glaucoma, asthma, and the nausea associated with chemotherapy and AIDS. It has also been described as a tumor retardant, an antibiotic, slee p and appetite inducer, and a muscle relaxant. So, before we brag how humanitarian we are and preach what we have done about people suffering from these diseases, we better stop and think about what we havent done, and the things we have denied these people. Wearing a red ribbon on the 1st of December wont help a HIV positive person. Next year he probably wont be among us living. And as long as his nausea is so dreadful that he cant eat, no red ribbon or no money can help him. While we shout to our wives and mothers for not having Tylenol for our headache, he is dying and he has no one to shout to. Lying in a hospital room, having stomach cramps and vomiting stomach acid, hallucinating due to pain, he is too insignificant for our government to listen to. And we thought citizens needs are all a society is about! .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947 , .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947 .postImageUrl , .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947 , .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947:hover , .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947:visited , .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947:active { border:0!important; } .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947:active , .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947 .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4a795c39036b8065b9f21dfa8b52e947:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Build A Fire Essay

Thursday, April 16, 2020

Stock Analysis free essay sample

This section of my analysis includes descriptive statistics, charts, tables, correlation analysis, ration analysis and financial statement analysis during the period of which the data is collected. Moreover, I’ve tried to align the numerical data to the practical events and consequences that I’ve been studying during the period, which might help to make better evaluation. Descriptive Statistics and Financial Analysis From January 18-th to March 2-nd the stock has been growing constantly from 427USD to 544USD (average), and the difference between the mean and median for this period is relatively low which is a good indication. The core of the Apple’s operation is the innovation based new products, but the newly introduced IPAD did not satisfy the customer’s and experts’ expectation. On the 13-th of February their stock price exceeded 500USD for the first time. Financial Statement Analysis Financial Statements analyzed for this assignment includes Unaudited Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheet, Statement of Cash Flow and Income Statement that are downloaded from http://investor. We will write a custom essay sample on Stock Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page apple. com/financials. cfm. (APPENDIX II) In January 18, 2011, Apple announced financial results for its fiscal 2011 first quarter ended December 25, 2010. The Company posted record revenue of $26. 74 billion and record net quarterly profit of $6 billion, or $6. 43 per diluted share. These results compare to revenue of $15. 68 billion and net quarterly profit of $3. 38 billion, or $3. 67 per diluted share, in the year-ago quarter. Gross margin was 38. 5 percent compared to 40. 9 percent in the year-ago quarter. International sales accounted for 62 percent of the quarter’s revenue. Combining the financial statement numbers with the real number of devices and laptops they sold, would give clear understanding of how they generate the revenue and what is the basis of the growth. Apple sold 4. 13 million Macs during the quarter, a 23 percent unit increase over the year-ago quarter. The Company sold 16. 24 million iPhones in the quarter, representing 86 percent unit growth over the year-ago quarter. Apple sold 19. 45 million iPods during the quarter, representing a seven percent unit decline from the year-ago quarter. The Company also sold 7. 33 million iPads during the quarter. Their total liabilities is 3 times less than their total assets which indicates how healthy their operations is. Ratio Analysis This section will include financial ratio analysis for Apple as well as provide forecasted financial statements for the upcoming ten years. The ratios will supply the overall profitability, liquidity (short-term solvency), and capital structure (long-term solvency) for Apple. The major purpose of using financial data in ratio form is making the results comparable across firms and over time by controlling for size. After computing the selected ratios, we will be able to compare Apple to its top competitors within the technology industry, and against the overall industry average. Analysis of these ratios is important to numerous parties, but for our purposes, it will provide information not so easily derived or transparent in the financial statements. According to Appendix III, their inventory turn-over ration is 67. 4, which measures the inventory management efficiency of their business. The ratio is relatively high which may result in loss of sales due to inventory shortage which does not often happen for Apple Inc. But based on the circumstances related to the Foxxconn, inventory shortage may face the corporation. Risk Analysis Looking at the data I’ve collected for this assignment, I’d definitely say that Apple stock is well work to purchase. But there were ups and downs until their stock finally reached 500 for the very first time. There was a lot to do with leadership that defines the path of the company which makes it distinguished from the others. For trading purposes, Apple stock would definitely increase to the certain point in the next couple of months but after that It might stabilize. But for investors Apple Inc. is still the best innovative IT company in the world. The reason why stock rate might stabilize is that newly introduced IPAD and IPHONE didn’t satisfy customers’ and experts expectation for one step ahead innovation. So there is a clear doubt that how many people would replace their IPHONE 4 and IPAD 2 to the newly presented products with almost the same features. In addition their BETA rate is 1. 04 on average which is lower than Apple’s main competitors Samsung, Sony or Dell. And it clearly has better ratios and other financial facts compared to those. So Apple Inc’s stock is not risk free, but would be a good investment just for a certain period of time. Conclusion The most interesting thing about Apple is how they are very innovative and early adapters. Apple is usually the first company to come out with a new product line before anyone else. This is very risky but it is one of their main characteristics. A large portion of Apple’s fate comes from cash flow and professional trading activity that are directly attached to their product sales. As long as they apply innovative technologies in their products and make sure their products satisfies customers’ demand they would still be on the top of the industry. Appendixes