Research on Honey Pots with regard to proofing security

Battling hackers and technological experts who use their knowledge for stealing information and hacking can always be troublesome and costly. Why waste time, effort, energy and risk losing out thousands of dollars in profits. The use of honey pots and honey tokens can eliminate the need for such risks and enhance the security of the system. Honey tokens and honey pots are not computer systems. In fact, they are software that is designed to interact with unauthorized users and counter their activity. They give you the ability to allow hackers and crackers into the system and make them feel as if they have broken into the system. They hold false data that is kept there for that malicious user to use and steal. The honey pot then actively saves all the actions performed by the unauthorized user. Using such honey pots and combining it with the data on their actions, many potential takeovers can be subdued. Several malicious invasions can be countered using such honey pots, and at the same time, the illegal user commending on his capabilities on managing to break into the company’s security. A honey pot works by trapping the actions of an intruder by setting a fallacious database that has honey pots are just software that tackles crackers intelligently without them knowing that they have been tracked. The cracker can do whatever they like with data that is as fallacious as dummy data. There is no sensitive data provided to such a cracker and the hacker’s actions will be under review all the while he is snooping around in the system. They are relatively easy to install and do not require a lot of high technological cost or monitoring. But they are highly effective in countering illegal break-ins to sensitive data. As soon as there is an access to the system through any undefined way, the honey pot gets activated and provides the user with databases that is of no use to the company and is actually in place to fool the hacker. Therefore, Mr. Lloyd, given the obvious benefits of sugar coating an illegal user and then finding the security holes that they used in breaching the system, the company should consider implementing the honey pot system. Using this we can then fix our security holes so that they can stop other crackers breaching our security again. Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is honey pot? a definition from Whatis.com. Retrieved March 17, 2008, from Search Security Web site: http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci551721,00.html 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dynamic Honeypots Retrieved March 17, 2008, from Security Focus Web site: http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1731

Case Study of Lipids

Lipid Panels Case Study Subject #1 This fifty year old man that has no apparent health problems has a low ‘HDL’ of 30mg/dl. That’s not a good thing because he’ll be more likely to develop heart disease or have a heart attack/stroke. Anything over 60mg/dl is considered to be optimal. He is border line high for LDL’s of 160mg/dl, the ideal number is 100mg/dl or lower. That number tells me he is at greater risk to heart disease and/or heart attack. Better diet and exercise would help him tremendously. He is also in the high range for triglycerides at 300mg/dl, considering anything under 150mg/dl is normal. He is at risk for high blood pressure and diabetes to name a couple things. Staying away from cigarettes, eating the right foods, and exercise would be ideal. After 150-199mg/dl it just goes to borderline, then high levels 200-499mg/dl, and then very high levels 500mg/dl or higher. Subject #2 Is a forty five year-old sedentary women who is 5’9† tall and weighs 170 pounds, with a history of hypertension. She has a ‘HDL’ level of 40mg/dl which is not very good it should be at or above 60mg/dl. She has a ‘LDL’ of 140mg/dl that is borderline high and her triglyceride level is at 250mg/dl which is high. She is high risk for heart disease, heart attack, stroke, obesity, and is at risk for metabolic syndrome. These can be greatly reduced by exercising 30 min a day for 4 days, eating healthier foods such as oily fish, fruits, and veggies. Subject #3 Is a sixty year-old sedentary who stands 5’9† tall and his weight is 230lbs. He has an ‘HDL’ level of 25mg/dl and that is low, it should be 60mg/dl or higher. Unfortunately a low (High-Density Lipoprotein) or ‘LDL’ puts you at risk of a heart attack, heart disease, or stroke. Eating less animal and partially hydrogenated fats along with exercise can help. This man has a (Low-Density Lipoprotein) or ‘LDL’ at 250mg/dl which is extremely high. He needs to try and eat more healthy foods like oily fish, veggies, fruits, whole-grains, high-fiber foods, and exercise as much as he can to try and bring that number down. Otherwise he will be more likely to develop heart diseases, stroke or a number of the bad things. And his Triglyceride level was at 115mg/dl, which is pretty good or normal I should say. High triglyceride levels could increase the risk of heart disease and might be a sign of metabolic syndrome. Resources http://circ. ahajournals. org/cgi/content/full/114/1/82 http://americanheart. org/

Analyzing Banking Profiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing Banking Profiles - Essay Example The core capital has also shown similar pattern, which has increased from 7.47% in 2008 to 8.99% in 2010. The capital ratio stands at 11.39% in 2010 when compared to 8% in 2006. The number of institutions reporting to the FDIC has decreased from 8833 institutions in the year 2005 to 7760 institutions in 2010. The number of problem institutions has increased drastically on a year on year basis from 552 in 2009 to 860 in 2010. The number of failed institutions has also increased to 127 institutions in 2010 from just 3 institutions in the year 2007. Possible reasons for the observed changes in the banking industry Bank’s return on assets which refers to net income as a percentage of total assets, increased which suggests that the banking industry is able to garner more interest income with rise in demand for loans with reducing cost of funds, therefore sustaining revenues and improving asset quality. In relation with the core capital ratio, Tier 1 capital can absorb losses withou t a bank being required to cease its functioning. Therefore increase in core capital ratio indicates the health of the banking industry is improving considerably. The banking industry is giving prime importance to strengthen the Tier 1 level of capital.

Is terrorism a threat to international order Essay

Is terrorism a threat to international order - Essay Example However, even after the most significant and iconic terrorist strikes known to us i.e. the 9/11 attacks, the world order and the existing international relations have not changed significantly. In fact, if anything, the international order and the relationships between various countries (particularly western allies) have been more strongly defined since the attacks. Again, this definition may not remain true in the long term since international order is not solely dependent upon one evil character being the terrorist and one heroic country saving the world. The image of a country being good or bad is nearly always dependant on the perception of the people and it is irresponsible of the media or the government to present a very biased viewpoint since perceptions can be difficult to change overnight. Coady (2005) says: â€Å"There are very bad policies and very bad political leaders, but realism dictates that we recognize the presence of evil wherever and whenever it occurs. It also dictates that we take cognizance of the fact that the monsters of today were our allies of yesterday and may be our allies of tomorrow, and that our own shining virtue often appears in a different light to others. (Coady, pg. 16, 2005)† Of course the countries and individuals who are labelled as being terrorists by others quite simply reject it and take themselves as freedom fighters, separatists, even revolutionaries. Similarly, the titles given to terrorists range from evil to inhuman and responsible members of the international community are asked to shun them and force the surrender of terrorist group members since they are a threat to international order (Baylis, 2002). Undoubtedly there are several issues surrounding the debate and the first is the justification for terrorism. Martin & Martin (2003) report that it was St. Augustine who first gave the two

Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Story - Essay Example Zax has gone through a lot of psychological trauma in the last six years since when his body started to transform from a child’s to an adult’s. It was the start of teenage when he started to notice his chest grow larger than it should. His class fellows and friends called him everything from a girl to an aunt. The condition has negatively affected Zax’s self-esteem. This is the prime reason he has had a very small circle of friends ever since the onset of his teenage. Zax wants to change the condition and is ready to do whatever it takes to come out of the web he has concocted around himself out of the sheer consciousness of his chest. Zax is too shy to visit a doctor with his family to discuss the condition. While his manboobs are a big concern for the people outside his home, they seem to be invisible to his immediate family. Zax really has nobody to be psychologically counseled from. He searches the condition over the Internet and learns that this is a condition called ‘gynecomastia’. Contrary to his expectations, he finds that gynecomastia is increasingly becoming a major concern among men, and many men suffer from the condition at least at some point in their life. Zax explores the causes of and details about gynecomastia and learns that having gynecomastia makes an individual no less of a man biologically than the men who do not have gynecomastia. He finds out that there are no major causes of gynecomastia and that it can be acquired by any man, though certain factors like consuming steroids can optimize its chances of occurrence. Zax also finds out that the condition is treatable through liposuction or surgery and once treated, it never comes back. Now that he has learned the biology of the condition, Zax feels confident about sharing the problem with his parents. He convinces his parents to let him undertake a surgery. The family visits a surgeon, and the surgeon recommends liposuction to treat Zax’s gynecomastia. The whole

Police strategy assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Police strategy assessment - Assignment Example In addition, the duty of the law enforcement agencies to reduce the fear of crime among members of the public makes their work rather tricky. To execute their duties effectively and achieve their objectives, police departments have to establish productive operational strategies using all the available resources such as money, personnel, equipment, and weapons (Allen, 2005). Moreover, there is need for the law enforcers to incorporate the pubic/community into their operational strategies as researches have shown that community involvement in crime-fighting has resulted in tremendous reduction in citizen fear/sense of insecurity and crime prevalence in many metropolitans. The nature and level of public involvement however depends on the nature/type and the prevalence of crime targeted. Among the crimes for which operational police strategies are established, implemented, evaluated, and reformed include robbery, rape, burglary, arson, robbery with violence, and theft among other crimes (Allen, 2005). This paper explores the use of the police operational strategy of community policing in fighting the crime of burglary in metropolitan neighborhoods. The Definition of Burglary Police departments in major metropolitans in the world are faced with myriad disorder problems or crimes. To prevent, control, manage, and predict the occurrence of these crimes and disorders, police departments establish and implement various policing strategies. Among the most commonplace crimes in many metropolitans is burglary. Whenever burglary is mentioned, among the terms that come to mind are forceful, breaking, and entering (Dressler, 1995). According to common law burglary would simply be defined as the act of forcefully entering another person’s property with intent to commit a crime. Therefore the most important inclusion in the definition of burglary is forceful entry. Nevertheless, detailed definitions of the crime of burglary vary from one jurisdiction or state to another. However, certain aspects come out as distinct for burglary, differentiating it from other crimes such as simple theft. For instance, burglary is always accompanied by forceful entering, breaking, and intent to commit a felony. There are numerous types of burglary, depending on the severity and the manner in which the act is committed. Nighttime burglary, the more serious type of burglary, refers to a breaking and entering committed at night. Some law enforcement agencies or states also define burglary as an inchoate/undeveloped crime, implying that the mere act of intruding into another person’s house is harmful in itself (Dressler, 1995). However, it regarded as an incomplete offense as only the security and the safety of the house or premise broken into is compromised. Police departments have therefore established and implemented a number of policies by which the prevalence of the crime of burglary could be predicted, prevented, controlled, and managed effectively. The eff ectiveness of these policies however varies, depending on the precision and the thoroughness of their implementation. Police Operational Police Strategies To enforce the laws targeting burglaries, there are numerous policing operational strategies that could be applied. While some of these strategies are designed to prevent crimes from occurring, other are tailored to handle routine crimes or emergencies. Similarly, while some of these strategies are short-term, others are more complex and target long-term

Should America have stronger Gun Control laws Term Paper

Should America have stronger Gun Control laws - Term Paper Example The debate seldom applies to hunter’s rights. However, outlawing handguns outright would affect hunters as well as people that simply wish to protect themselves. The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states, â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (â€Å"The Constitution†, 2006). This, as were all of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, was added by the Founding Fathers so as to provide a more clear definition of the specific rights guaranteed to Americans. Gun control advocates consider the Second Amendment to be â€Å"obsolete; or is intended solely to guard against suppression of state militias by the central government and therefore restricted in scope by that intent; or does not guarantee a right that is absolute, but one that can be limited by reasonable requirements† (Krouse, 2002). However, they only question the need for people to own firearms that are not primarily designed for sporting purposes such as hunting. Obviously, the right to own arms was of supreme importance to the Founders given that it was listed second only after the freedom of religion and speech was documented in the First Amendment. The Founders knew that by ensuring the right to own arms, citizens would have the ability to protect themselves from that which might endanger their life, liberty or pursuit of happiness. This could include bodily protection from persons and animals or from an oppressive government that threatened the freedoms outlined in the Constitution. â€Å"The Second Amendment reflects the founders’ belief that an armed citizenry, called the ‘general militia’ was a necessary precaution against tyranny by our own government and its army. The idea that government has a constitutional right to disarm the general citizenry is totally foreign to the intent of the Constitution’s framersâ₠¬  (Reynolds & Caruth III, 1992). Attempting to disarm criminals is a great plan in some fairy-tale land but is a fruitless venture in the real world. â€Å"The ratio of people who commit handgun crimes each year to handguns is 1:400; that of handgun homicides to handguns is 1:3,600. Because the ratio of handguns to handgun criminals is so high, the criminals supply would continue with barely an interruption† (Department of Commerce, 1986: 171). The prohibition of guns in an effort to diminish criminal activity is as reasonable solution in much the same way the prohibition of alcohol would diminish the occurrences of driving while intoxicated (Kopel, 1988). Gun-control advocates argue that handguns serve no purpose except to shoot people. Any hunter will tell you that this is untrue. This underscores the lack of knowledge these advocates possess concerning the activity they denounce. Handguns are bought mainly for reasons of self-defense but nearly 20 percent buy handguns to use for sport-shooting, target practice and about 15 percent buy handguns as collector’s items. Hunters regularly use handguns as a protection against snakes and to hunt game animals (Aagard, 1987: 32). Anti-Thesis The prohibition of guns in an effort to diminish criminal activity is as reasonable solution in much the same way the prohibition of alcohol would diminish the occurrences of driving while intoxicated. The concept that the easy access to firearms has an important impact on the homicide rates in this country is supported by the preponderance of the evidence.

Advanced Accounting Theory & Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Advanced Accounting Theory & Practice - Essay Example For that objective, the standard has classified different economic units as assets, equity, liabilities, income, expenses and cash flows. This classification is used to prepare and present different types of financial statements such as statement of financial position, statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and statement of cash flows. The IAS 1 provides different qualitative characteristics which are highly essential to be depicted by the financial statements. Fair presentation suggests that the financial statements faithfully represent the effects of the economic transactions and conditions which must be complying with the framework definition, recognition and measurement criteria for assets, equities, liabilities, income and expense as well. In the following parts of this paper, first key features of IAS 1 along with different types of financial statements have been accounted for. Subsequent to that, a description elaborating qualitative characteristics has also been included. It is followed by illustrative example representing how Royal Dutch Shell prepares and presents its consolidated statement of comprehensive income. Before the conclusion, critical evaluation of IAS 1 has been described to highlight the shortcomings of the accounting standard. International Accounting Standard (IAS 1) provides a framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. IAS 1 prescribes that the basis for presentation of ‘general-purpose financial statements’1, defined as statements develop to meet the needs of the users who require an entity to prepare reports tailored to their important information needs. This definition covers both consolidated and separate financial statements. Interestingly, IAS 1 does not specifically apply to the structure, content and form of interim financial statements, which are detailed in IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting, but many of its basic underpinnings such as consistency

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Science - Essay Example The policies which are given as recommendations seem to be quite useable for those who defend the consensus since they call it necessary for progress. Supporters of the Washington Consensus say that following these recommendations can only lead to greater economic independence for debt laden countries and it is a path which leads to the development of the industrial and services sector. However, those who oppose the policies say that the Washington Consensus is merely a method for America and other developed nations to enter new markets and exploit their resources (Williamson, 2000). Both sides have been quite vocal about their feelings and each highlights the successes and the failures of the consensus. The supporters of the Washington Consensus say that many people misunderstand the recommendations since they are not universally applicable to all nations at all times. Instead of looking at the consensus as forced neo-liberal policies, the policies should be seen as recommendations coming from those who have achieved economic development to those who have yet to achieve it (Harvard University, 2003). On the other hand, those who oppose the policies recommended by the Washington bodies say that the policies are mandated in connected to grants and aid money. Even when the policies have been implemented, they often lead to the country running into a economic crisis which brings more misery for the people than economic development (Harvard University, 2003). Clearly, the difference of opinion warrants a deeper understanding of the policies themselves since they appear to be quite controversial. The primary policies under the Washington Consensus have been outlined by Williamson (2000) as the implementation of monetary discipline in terms of free trade and public expenditure and investments in projects that give economic returns to the people. The alleviation of poverty and

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Philosophy - Essay Example Plato’s apology presents to us a speech delivered by Socrates in his own defense at his trial. Apology here is not a statement of regret requesting pardon, but it is a formal statement of justification or defense.The charges leveled against Socrates was that â€Å"he was failing to acknowledge the city’s Gods, introducing new divinities and corrupting its youth â€Å" (Plato: The last days of Socrates. 2003. p.33). These were serious charges but Socrates did not make efforts to defend himself. It is said that he had bred insubordination and utter contempt for authority. It seemed evident that Socrates could do nothing for his own defense without compromising his principles, he is held out as a person whose â€Å" high moral principles is confronted step by step with a situation from where there is no escape† (Plato: The last days of Socrates. 2003. p.38). Socrates views on death are clear. He believed that once a person has taken a stand, based on the call of h is conscience on what he felt was best to him morally, then he is constrained to hold his post and face the situation, irrespective â€Å"of death or anything else before dishonour† (Plato: The last days of Socrates. 2003. p.54). Socrates having been condemned to death, still believes that a good man can suffer no evil. His philosophy was that no man knowingly does wrong and that men did evil only out of ignorance. But his opponents believed that men did wrong despite knowing what was morally correct, which is not very difficult to believe. Socrates has himself said that he is not a processor of knowledge that others lacked and everyone knows what is morally correct and what is not yet crimes are committed. So here it seems that Socrates is contradicting himself. Before his conviction he claimed that people should look to death with confidence. If the contrary is true, they will be considered unwise, as

How College Students Use Wikipedia for Course-Related Essay Example for Free

How College Students Use Wikipedia for Course-Related Essay Why then are academics so wary about the use of Wikipedia within universities? There are a number of related reasons. Before outlining them we should acknowledge that there may be differences according to academic discipline in attitudes towards Wikipedia. Speaking to academics from the natural and medical sciences over the last year, it seems that those subjects are less concerned with issues of originality of source than the arts and social sciences. It also may be [pic] and this is genuine speculation [pic] that academics in the English speaking world, where most of the academic controversy over Wikipedia use has been, are more sensitive to the source than in other parts of the world. These qualifications aside, there are definite reasons why Wikipedia use is, at the very least, contentious in universities. First, it is the product of anonymous individuals rather than known authorities, Wales is quite explicit on this: One of the fastest things we’re beginning to lose is the view of the world that there are a handful of thoughtful, intelligent people that should be broadcasting their views to everyone. And then the public is some sort of crazed rabble, easily swayed by rhetoric and so forth. Now we have to have a more nuanced understanding. Wikipedia is not necessarily anti-academic but it is anti-elitist as evidenced by the short shrift given to eminent academics in debates when they expected deference (see Keen 2007, 43[pic]4). Second, the non-proprietary nature of Wikipedia cuts against academic culture which valorises the rights of the author and publisher. Third, the anonymity of Wikipedia articles is alien to the cache of the named writer of the journal article or book. Fourth, the collaborative process challenges the norm of individual creation, prevalent in the arts and social sciences. Fifth, as intimated, Wikipedia departs from the standard mode of vetting by peer review. It is not true that articles are not reviewed. On the contrary, they are scrutinised by far more editors than for any journal. However, as the contributor is generally not an academic expert, so the reviewer is not generally an academic expert. So Wikipedia rejects academic custom in the compilation of knowledge. In addition, there are a number of what might be termed ‘learning and teaching’ issues pertaining to its use within universities. First, there is the issue of the accuracy of Teaching in Higher Education 651 Downloaded by [University of Glasgow] at 05:27 12 December 2012 Wikipedia entries, something that relates to the lack of formal expertise and peer review. Reviews of the accuracy of Wikipedia entries by formal expert(s) have actually been generally positive (for natural sciences see Giles 2005; American history Meier 2008). Despite this, the suspicion still surrounds Wikipedia that it cannot be trusted. O’Sullivan’s (2009, 119) assertion that ‘most people probably have an ambivalent attitude toward Wikipedia, thankful for its existence, using it frequently, but with reservations about its total reliability’ seems valid. Some academics would no doubt sympathise with the sardonic observation of comedian Frankie Boyle that Wikipedia entries should begin with ‘I reckon’. Second, some have questioned whether Wikipedia’s determination for studied neutrality is convincing. O’Sullivan (2010) complains that as Wikipedia only displays one voice, diversity is not incorporated and therefore articles become bland. Wales’s response is unapologetic: ‘Guilty as charged, we’re an encyclopedia’ (in Read 2006). Not that his approach to knowledge is without theory, it derives rather from his admiration for the convoluted ‘objectivist philosophy’ of Aryan Rand, the Russian e?migre? philosopher and novelist (Younkins 2007). A third learning and teaching concern is that, regardless of the reliability of Wikipedia, it is in itself an illegitimate form of research. Here the thinking would be that a student who culls Wikipedia for assignments does not understand scholarship. This consists of the consideration of various sources: a judicious sifting and ordering of knowledge, rather than lifting bite sized chunks of text that purport to capture a subject. On this Wales concurs, telling students: ‘For God sake, you’re in college; don’t cite the encyclopedia’ (in Young 2006). Some universities in the US have banned Wikipedia use, whilst others recommend a more discriminating approach (Jaschik 2007; Murley 2008). The latter is what Wales and others within Wikipedia advise: it should be used only as a starting place in academic research, a references source and a revision aid. What, however, is the evidence on Wikipedia use by students and academics at universities?

Development of a Deep Sea ROV

Development of a Deep Sea ROV Jeremy Moros Abstract Australia’s geographical location places it within reach of 65% of the world’s salt water oceans. However, to this day, only 0.9% of the oceans depths have been explored. This journal explores whether or not current technologies allow for the possibility of a series of imagery and sensory underwater drones gathering data from unexplored biological habitats and ecosystems, where the costs and safety of human expeditions have been prohibitive. To discover these depths the proposal for an Unmanned Scientific Data Gathering and Collection System (USDGCS) has been explored to determine whether existing open source platforms such asArduino can be utilised to create a system where once deployed can collect and redistribute first hand data live across the internet. The drone must be designed to perform a large array of tasks, whether it be the photographing and mapping at extreme depths, or the monitoring species populations close to the surface. Ultimately, a model that is fri endly to the environment in which the ROV operates is essential so the self-powering drones have been explored. Keywords Underwater Drone, Ocean, Remotely Operated Vehicles, UAV Introduction ROV’s are commonly referred to as an acronym for â€Å"Remotely operated vehicles†. ROV’s can be classified as one of two types of drones, Underwater ROVs and aerial UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). Similar principles allow for the similar technologies in such drones however the medium in which they operate differ. In each classification, drones such as AUVs (Autonomous underwater vehicles) do not require constant control from a human, but instead rely on prewritten algorithms. These algorithms make use of self-navigating equipment such as using sensors and radars to determine their location and perform functions with an accuracy dependent on the equipment on board. The extreme water pressure experienced at depths below a few hundred meters are enough to kill a human. ROV’s were developed to overcome the limitations of deep-sea divers where they have proven to be of much use in the gas and oil industries. The first form of a drone was the 1960’s HOV or Human Operated Vehicle. However basic, it demonstrated the very first development of drone technologies. It was the US Navy that funded and developed more of early ROV technologies through the 1960’s program Cable-Controlled Underwater Recovery Vehicle (CURV). This vehicle was created to be cable of performing sophisticated deep-sea rescue operations, such a  recovering black boxes from previously destroyed military aircraft and retrieving highly dangerous devices such as a nuclear weapons. The â€Å"CURV† removed any danger to the humans that operated them and was considered as a milestone in technology. However, many of the technologies incorporated into were develo ped for scientific research purposes. ROV’s today underwent development when drones were developed for scientific research purposes. These technologies include the addition of live streaming video cameras and lights sources, where it became easier for a ROV to be precisely controlled by an operator. Now in the 21st century, many components are commonly integrated to expand a vehicle’s capabilities. These may include mapping sonars, magnetometers and high resolution digital cameras, as well as more sophisticated tools such as instruments that can accurately determine water temperature, clarity and light penetration. Specialised drones may feature cutting arms or manipulators that can gather rock or flora samples for low depth environments ( Purpose of investigation The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether current technologies allow for the successful development of a deep sea ROV where data can be collected and redistributed live through the World Wide Web without costs being prohibitive. 2 Context: Parts of a ROV The ROV is commonly consists of 4 systems, each of which serve a specific function. 2.1.1 The Frame: The frame of a ROV serves as the primary skeleton of the vehicle. Often constructed beams, struts or plates as the frame bears the load of the water pressure. The frame often defines the overall shape of the ROV as mechanical and electrical components often need to be secured inside the frame for successful operation. This includes weights, pressure canisters, thrusters, floats, camera, lighting and other instruments like manipulator arm, sonar, scientific sensors, etc. ROV frames can be made from a range of materials including plastic composites and aluminum tubing and the choice is based on the developmental requirements of a ROV. Due to the highly saturated salt solution in the ocean, corrosion resistant materials with high strength and low density have been favorably considered. Since weight has to offset with buoyancy, this is critical. A well designed frame aims for easy repair if components are to fail, as well as a shape that will aid easy control. 2.1.2 Buoyancy System: A ROV owes its ability to stay afloat due to its buoyancy system. The principle to the floatation of an ROV is the attainment of neutral buoyancy of the ROV system as a whole. If neutral buoyancy is achieved, a ROV is capable of floating in water and can rise and descend when needed. There are many ways in which buoyancy can be achieved, the most simple being the attaching of floats to a ROV. In more sophisticated ROVs, a dedicated buoyancy system is incorporated into the design. A Ballast system is of two types, an active and static ballast system. An active Ballast system is more sophisticated as it can adapt to changes in weight of a system. A static ballast system is far less sophistical, where floats and other simply floating devise such as air filled cans provide a fixed buoyancy range beyond which the ROV will sink to the ocean floor. However, if the static ballast system has a fixed buoyancy too great, the ROV will never dive, no matter the thrust from a propulsion system. 2.1.3 Propulsion System: Thrust is required for the control of a ROV, which is provided by a propulsion system. The thrust produced should be more than the drag force acting on the system, thus a more aerodynamic design is advised. A range of propulsion systems have been developed, however the most common would be a combination of bilge pumps and underwater rotors to propel the craft. The motor inside a ROV should be adequate to propel the ROV forward, as well as stop it in a short time. High torque motors of 800-2000 RPM rotors are considered to be sufficient for underwater drones. The number of thrusters required is dependent on the functions a ROV will perform. It is known that the greater the number of thrusters, the more freedom in the movement of the ROV. The propeller attached can be a 3 blade or 5 blade depending on the speed and water density through which the ROV will traverse. Brushless DC motors are preferred over other types of motors due to the fact that they offer a hi gher efficiency, hence offering better control of a ROV’s speed. DC motors are often far cheaper than a similarly outputting AC motor. 2.1.4 The Electronic System The electronic system of the ROV encompasses the payload of the ROV. The ROV system should have a water tight enclosure for the electronic and electrical components. A variety of electrical components are used for a number of purpose such as driving power, lighting and video feed, etc. The wiring should be secure and watertight to ensure that the chances of water damage to electronics is kept to a minimal chance. The wiring is often kept far clear of the rotors to reduce any chance of entanglement. The video feed can either be stored on an on-board system or transferred to the control room via a tether or a however recent technological advancements are allowing for a wireless connection to the surface. The ROV often receives electrical commands through the same radio device as the video feed, whether it be wired or wireless. Micro Controllers are considered an ideal option for analogue control as development is not required for a new embedded PC board, hen ce lowering costs. The Arduino platform utilizes these micro controller boards and is an example of a cheap, but effective solution. These controllers allow for sensory data to be collected from various instruments. Some ROVs are designed to incorporate instruments where they are capable of performing a standard set of operations. The power source of a ROV is dependent on the depth it is required to travel. Low depth ROV’s are able to leave a power source on the surface and are powered by an electrical cable. However, a ROV designed to dive deep proves a long electrical cable impractical and therefore warrant onboard batteries with 5-12 Volts. A photovoltaic cell can be installed on the ROV and be used to recharge the battery when resurfacing.

Secret History or the Horrors of St. Domingo Analysis

Secret History or the Horrors of St. Domingo Analysis Analysis of Leonora Sansays Secret History; or, The Horrors of St. Domingo Leonora Sansays Secret History; or, The Horrors of St. Domingo provides a personal historical narrative surrounding the Haitian Revolution. A manuscript in this manner can offer historians a voice to elements of the Revolution that would otherwise be lacking or silent when studying other writings of the period. The manifestos of the revolutionaries, writings of the dominant class and government/military documents often provide the primary materials for research and historical text; however, it is the personal narrative that illuminates certain moods and philosophies that can be overlooked or when emphasising the dates and names surrounding an event. Sansays narrative takes the structure of an epistolary novel, a novel containing a series of letters, written by an American, Mary, to her personal friend Aaron Burr, who at that time was the vice president of the United States. Mary traveled to Saint Domingue in 1802 with her sisters French husband, St. Louis, in hopes of salvaging an estate lost during the early years of the Haitian Revolution. As a secret history, the novel has its foundation in the dawdling relationship between, Leonora Sansay, and Aaron Burr. Like the protagonist in the novel, Mary, Sansay was a close friend of Aaron Burr; and like Marys fictional sister, Clara, Sansay was married to a French officer from Saint Domingue, Louis Sansay. Demonstrating that, the novel is generously based on Leonora Sansays experience in Saint Domingue during the final years of the revolution, 1802-03. On the first reading, Sansays novel seems to give scarce attention to the devastating events of the Haitian revolution. The politics of race and colonial power, and the often horrific scenes of warfare that took place during the very years of the novels account are behind the scenes. Indeed, given Sansays weakness for descriptive accounts of, for instance, the â€Å"innumerable lustres of chrystal and wreaths of natural flowers ornamented the ceiling; and rose and orange trees, in full blossom (Sansay,74) transported aboard a French naval ship in the harbour of Saint Domingues Le Cap Franà §ois to form the backdrop of the Admirals ball, it would be easy to dismiss the novel and its characters as exemplary of an aristocratic temperament. But it is this temperament of the French colonials that makes the document so interesting and important. Michael J. Drexlers introduction to Sansays novel touches on how Secret History has been viewed in the past, and how these views changed with the scholar Joan Dayan. Dayans text Haiti, History and the Gods, was the first serious scholarly use of Sansays writings, â€Å"[f]or Dayan, the novel is both a social history of French decadence and a glimpse of trans-cultural, or trans-racial, mimicry, fantasy, and desire† (Sansay, 26). What this means is, the novel would seem to focus on the excesses of a French colonial regime that is wilfully removed from the life and death brutalities of the colonial slave system that brought about the revolt occurring outside the doors of its gilded fantasy world of extravagance and indulgence. The question that arises, with the knowledge of the how the book has been overlooked in the past by other historians, is how would Sansays work be of use to a young historian? Having a fundamental understanding of the concerns, causes and conclusion of the revolution in Haiti, assisted in a greater understanding of the novel. In Secret History the politics of French colonial warfare are displayed within the hidden, private desires that flow through the characters. The secret history conjectures a structural relation between the public and the private: each genre privileges a different pole as the primary location of meaning, but both foreground the necessary conflict and reliance of one set of meanings upon the other. This understanding of the characters relations to each other and their surroundings sets a mirror upon the countrys complex interactions. Metaphorically, then, love is colonial warfare. However, the love plot assumes more essentially violent dimensions when St. Louis imprisons Clara in their house threatening to kill her if she attempts to leave. When the armed forces of General Jean-Jacques Dessalines draw near Le Cap, Rochambeau takes advantage of the occasion to invite Clara to safety aboard a French vessel; an offer she declines out of fear of incurring her husbands wrath. The more horrifying truth for Clara, than the soon-to-be-realized threat of the massacre of all the white residents of Le Cap by Dessalines black revolutionary forces, is the menace of being murdered at the hands of her white husband. Yet colonial warfare ultimately offers Clara a surprising escape route from her husband: as Le Cap falls under siege, Mary writes, All the women are suffered to depart, but no man can procure a passport (Sansay,105). Mary and Clara are able flee Saint Domingue and break away from from St. Louis by traveling to Cuba and later Jamaica in the company of other women displaced by the revolution and scattered across a colonial Caribbean landscape. The cruelty of patriarchy in the novel is clearly interrelated to that of colonialism and race politics, a pairing underscored by the formation of a quasi-utopic community of husbandless Creole women at the close of the novel. This novel does possess a certain amount of fictional material, just as any fictional historical narrative will, but there is not a wealth of biographical information available about Leonora Sansay. Michael Drexlers introduction to Secret History provides a useful and comprehensive account of Sansays career. The narrative itself provides quasi-autobiography of Sansay, which discerning historians will find useful. On top of this, Sansay does grant her audience with a believable and accurate backdrop. The Haitian Revolution began in 1791 and ended with the establishment of the first free black republic in the west in 1804. During which time, French and Spanish troops, in a dizzying number of shifting alliances and oppositions, fought white Creole populations, free persons of color, and slave factions, vying for control of the country. By 1800, the black leader, Toussaint Louverture secured control of the island as a whole, but in 1801, the French General Leclerc, who was dispatched to Saint Domingue by Napoleon to reassert French control, captured Toussaint and sent him to France. In Sansays novel, Mary and her sister arrive in Le Cap Francais while Leclerc is in command; thus basing her novel in a sound and accurate setting, proving valuable for scholars. At the outset of our examination of Secret Historywe discussed how a personal narrative can provide a unique voice to any historical event. The opening sentence of Sansays epistolary novel outlines an antagonism between the life of the physical body and that of the Haitian social body: We arrived safely [in Saint Domingue] after a passage of forty days, during which I suffered horribly from sea-sickness, heat and confinement; but the society of my fellow-passengers was so agreeable that I often forgot the inconvenience to which I was exposed (Sansay, 61). The reader can note the difference between the first half of the sentence, which describes the travails of a sea voyage of biblical length and duress, and the second half, which casually dismisses the pains of the flesh in favour of the pleasures of sociability. An inappropriateness of empirical registers marks the opening of the novel, and while this incongruity asserts itself as slightly jarring initially, it becomes increasingly pronounced as the novel unfolds. Indeed, the contrast embedded within the opening sentence augments the intentional exaggeration throughout the novel such, that within a few short pages we find scenes of bayoneted bodies intermingled with blushing glances exchanged at balls in the colonial palaces of Saint Domingue. However exaggerated the text may seem it still opens a precious gem of information that cannot be overlooked or undervalued.

Skills and Science of Doctoring Essay -- Medicine Medical Health Essay

Skills and Science of Doctoring â€Å"Students, like all human beings, have a moral obligation to prevent serious harm when they can do so at little risk or cost to themselves† (Primum non tacere). I agree that a medical student, more than the average citizen, has an obligation to service all people, regardless of nationality, religion, or sexuality. However, medical students are in contact with ill patients more than the average citizen and this constant interaction with the sick make medical students more susceptible to acquiring disease. This fact alone increases the fear that a medical student has about treating certain illnesses, and it may cause him to deny treatment to a sub-population of patients with a specific illness. You might be wondering whether such a denial is ethical, and according to the American Disabilities Act, physicians cannot discriminate against a subset of patients with a specific illness simply because they (physicians) are fearful of acquiring the disease. Withholding treatm ent from a select group of patients on the basis of fear is unlawful for a physician, and perhaps even unethical. Is it, however, unethical for a medical student to withhold treatment simply because of fear? The American Disabilities Act does not mention medical students, and the title â€Å"medical student† is not synonymous with the title â€Å"physician†, so students, unlike physicians, are not bound by the law to serve any ill patient. The law and ethics, however, don’t always coincide, so let us evaluate a medical student’s choice of placing his well being over that of a patient. Medical students are on their way to becoming physicians. They are sometimes referred to as â€Å"physicians-in-training†, and as such, they should feel... ...ally, if this alternative doesn’t work, I think suppressing one’s fear is the next choice. It’s a difficult pill to swallow, since students are exposed to illnesses daily and don’t have enough knowledge or training to adequately protect themselves. In addition, fear is a powerful, natural emotion that is not easily ignored. However, students must learn medicine and they cannot always learn it on their terms. Hopefully, future third and fourth year medical students will have understanding supervisors, and if not, will have the strength to treat patients whose diseases they fear. If, however, you are a medical student who does not have either, my final suggestion to you would be to find a nice spot in the bathroom in which to hide. Works Cited Dwyer, James. Primum non tacere: An Ethics of Speaking Up: Hastings Center Report. 24, no.1, (1994) 13-18.

Womens Liberation in the 1920s: Myth or Reality? Essays -- Essays Pa

Women's Liberation in the 1920's: Myth or Reality? The decade following World War I proved to be the most explosive decade of the century. America emerged as a world power, the 19th amendment was ratified, and the expansion of capitalism welcomed the emergence of consumerism. The consumer era was established, which generated new spending opportunities for most Americans in the 1920’s. From the latest fashions to the world of politics, ideologies collided to construct a society based on contradicting principles. These powerful ideologies infected men and women of all classes with an inescapable desire for material possessions; however this ideological tug-of war affected women the most. Although legally declared citizens, society’s assumption of motherhood and domesticity, being the only professions for women, still remained supreme in the country that supposedly promoted equal opportunity. New sex role stereotypes appeared throughout society and women became identified with the consumer culture for they were "major purchasers of products" and "constituted a crucial underpinning of the economy" (Dumenil 144). No group was more responsive to this than the advertising industry, which introduced new images while reinforcing traditional stereotypes. As speculation on women’s rights grew tiresome after suffrage had been won, women separated in search of their own individuality; however a woman’s identity was based on the sex-role stereotypes advertisements continuously portrayed which in turn transformed cultural expectations and thwarted women’s autonomy. The emergence of consumerism allowed advertisements to be viewed worldwide. "Across the nation, women in cities, towns and farms paged through issues of mass-circulation... ...ture and Society in the 1920’s. New York: Hill and Wang, 1995. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. "Echoes of the Jazz Age" Flappers and Philosophers. New York: 1921 Harriman, Helga H. Women in the Western Heritage. Sluice Dock, Guilford, CT. Danshkin Publishing Group, Inc. 1995 Kroger, Jane. Identity in Adolescence: The Balance Between Self and Other. London: Routledge, 1989 Scanlon, Jennifer. Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies’ Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture. New York, NY: Routledge, 1995 Sivulka, Juliann. Soap, Sex, and Advertising. Belmont, California: Wasworth Publishing Company, 1998 Stearns, Peter N. and Jean Lewis eds. An Emotional History of the United States. New York, NY. New York University Press, 1998 Stevenson, Elizabeth. Babbits and Bohemians: From the Great War to the Great Depression. New York: Macmillan, 1967.

The Immature Love of Romeo and Juliet :: Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

Just as the Friar says in the beginning of the Shakespeare play, Romeo and Juliet, â€Å"Wisely and slowly, they stumble that run fast.† (II.iii.94). this was a sign of foreshadowing for for the death of the lovers, Romeo and Juliet. Even though fate was a factor that had contributed to a tragic end, there was also personal choice involved, and ultimately, the story may have had a different ending if it weren’t for the flaws of the lovers and their inability to have a grip on reality in dire circumstances. Over the course of the play, the lovers from the conflicting households have not matured and remain rather static in development. Furthermore, in this tragedy, the only son of the montages remains rather childlike, Juliet still seems immature and their relationship over all seems more like a play act on lover rather then something mature and sustainable. Overall, from start to finish, Romeo and Juliet were living in the moment, being absurd and silly rather then focus ing on the future and trying to work problems out effectively. Although the lovers are both fairly impudent throughout the play, Romeo, the male lead, is even more so. Through out the play of Romeo and Juliet, the Montague heir has ceased maturity over the course of the Shakespearean tragedy. First of all, it was â€Å"Rosaline† (II.iii.67). whom Romeo â€Å"didst love so dear† (II.iii.67). at the beginning of the play as he â€Å"groaned . . . woes for Rosaline† (II.ii.74-78) however, he easily fell out of lover with her and in love with the â€Å"fair daughter of the rich Capulet† (II.iii.58) like he was changing his mind on a meal he’d order. Also, he fell out of love with Rosaline because she did not â€Å"doth grace for grace and love for love allow.† (II.iii. 85-88) which basically meant that Romeo didn’t love Rosaline because she didn’t love him back, which is very childish in hindsight. Another way that Romeo is immature is that he doesn’t have a sense of reality fore, heâ₠¬â„¢s always either extremely depressed, like when Rosaline wanted to remain chaised for life or extremely elated like when he met Juliet, while having no real middle ground for his emotions. These are all reasons why Romeo is immature: he’s always heads over heels in love for trivial reasons and he has no to little sense of reality. Although Romeo is immature, it’s unexcused since he’s well onto being an adult by society’s standards, however, Juliet is 14, so for her to be acting like a child is to be expected.

Daniel Suelo the Archetypal hero Essay

The book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, by Joseph Campbell proposes that all myths are essentially hero-quest stories, each of which rings a unique change on a universal pattern; a pattern he calls the â€Å"monomyth.† According to Campbell, the hero’s journey consists of three main moves: departure, initiation, and return. Within each of these categories is a number of stages common to the plots of all hero-quest stories, and can be compared to Daniel Suelo’s adventure throughout his life. According to the book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, the first move of the journey is departure which starts with the call to adventure. The call of adventure is how the journey starts and with Daniel Suelo it starts with him leaving the last of his money in a telephone booth and going for the adventure (accepting the call to adventure), so there is no direct indication of a call of adventure but leaving behind the money is probably the closest. Sometimes the hero does not accept the call to adventure and refuses it which turns the story to the negative, they lose their power and instead of the saving people, they are the one to be saved for refusing. After refusing their life changes from beautiful and colorful to boring dry and empty, and this is not the same as what happens to Daniel Suelo, but his life before was meaningless and he always wanted to take on the adventure (life with no money), so he probably refused the call before and accepted it later on. And for those who did not refuse the call, accepted it and took it on, the first thing the hero meets is a figure that is protective of them, and provides the hero help against whatever comes up on his or her journey. According to Daniel Suelo’s story, he has no supernatural aid, and no one on his side to help him with his journey,but later on in his life he does find a man, and has a relationship, and that relationship is possibly what kept him going, because he was very lonely, and his friend protected him from the feeling of being lonely. According to Joseph Campbell, the hero continues his journey until he comes to a threshold guardian, where he must cross the first threshold. This is where the hero must be brave to step in through the threshold to experience the unknown and compared to Daniel Suelo’s story, he accepted the call to  adventure and gets a supernatural aid, then must go through the threshold which is possibly him leaving his house and leaving his money in the phone booth and taking the world on without any money.The passage of the magical threshold is symbolized in the womb image of the belly of the wale. After the hero taking on the threshold, the hero will easily be sucked into the belly of the wale, and will appear as dead. Daniel Suelo’s adventure starts with him leaving his money, and ending up living in a cave in Utah, and that is where all his adventures start, and the cave is where he sleeps, which makes him appear as dead, then second day he wakes up hes stronger and hes ready t o take on everything. The second big move of the hero is initiation that starts with the road of trials that the hero must go through and experience, to get to the end of his journey. The hero must survive the trials, and this stage in a story in known to be the favorite phase of adventure,  where the hero will meet the unknown and be ready for the unexperienced. The trials in Daniel Suelo’s life is probably everything he has to face everyday to live human beings, to animals.Sometimes Daniel Suelo had to try his best to keep his cave up in Utah from police officers that wouldn’t allow him to live on unused government property. He also how to go through trials asking for food, because Daniel used to only take food from those who offered, or from dumpsters, which is something that some businesses didn’t like. For Daniel Suelo, everyday is a road of trials. After comparing Daniel Suelo to the archetypal hero Campbell refers to, its possible to see similarities him and the hero, but it is also hard to find much concrete similarities between the two. In the end, according to Campbell, I believe that Daniel is actually an archetypal hero that had to go through trails that each other hero went through in movies, old stories, and modern day story telling.

Core Knowledge

Core Knowledge Using what you learned about brain development in Chapter 4, explain why intensive intervention for poverty-stricken children starting in the first 2 years has a greater long-term impact on IQ than intervention at a later age. A child’s brain development is very critical in its first 2 years. A childs brain develops dramatically during the first 2 years. â€Å"During the first two years neural fibers synapses increase at an outstanding pace.Because of developmenting neuron requires space for these cognitive structures a surprising aspect of brain growth is that as synapses form many surrounding neurons die 20-80 percent, depending on the brain region. † When a child is living in a low poverty environment it affects the child’s brain since the neurons are not being stimulated by their caregivers. Looking at a caregiver who does not interact with a child a young age the child will have less interaction with a person. This correlates with a child†™s IQ. When neurons are seldom stimulated they lose their synapses in a process called synaptic pruning.About 40 percent synapses are pruned during childhood. â€Å"About half of brains volumes consist of gilal cells which are responsible for myelination. The Development through the lifespan book talks about children who are adopted have a greater chance to better nutrition and health. The book also talks about stress. Chronic stress of early deprived orphanage rearing disrupts the brains capacity to manage stress, with long-term physical and psychological consequences. Reference Berk, L. (2009) Development through the lifespan. Allyn & Bacon; 5 edition. 2009

Account: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Long Term Liabilities

Chapter 12 : 1/ As part of the initial investment , a partner contributes office equipment that had cost $20,000 and on which accumulated depreciation of $ 12500 had been recorded . If the partners agree on a valuation of $ 9000 for the equipment , what amount should be debited to the office equipment account? a/ 7500 c/ 12500 b/ 9000 d/ 20000 2/ Chip and Dale agree to form a partnership. Chip is to contribute $50000 in assets and to devote one half time to the partnership. Dale is to contribute 20000 and to devote full time to the partnership. How will Chip and Dale share in the division of net income or net loss? a/ 5:2 c/ 1:1 b/ 1:2 d/ 2. 5:1 3/ Tracey and Hepburn invest 100,000 and 50,000 , respectively , in a partnership and agree to a division of net income that provides for an allowance of interest at 10 % on original investments , salary allowances of 12,000 and 24000 , respectively , with the remainder divided equally . What would be Tracey’s share of a net income o 45,000? a/ 22500 c/ 19,000 b/ 22000 d/ 10000 4/ Lee and Stills are partners who share income in the ratio of 2:1 and who have capital balances of 65,000 and 35,000 , respectively . If Morr , with the consent of Stills, acquired one half of lee’s interest for 40,000 for what amount would Morr’s capital account be credited ? a/ 32500 c/ 50,000 b/ 40000 d/ 72,500 5/ Pavin and abdel share gains and losses in the ratio of 2:1 . After selling all assets for cash , dividing the losses on realization , and paying liabilities , the balances in the capital accounts were as follows : Pavin , 10000 Cr , abdel , 2000 Cr. How many of the cash of 12000 would be distributed to Pavin? a/ 2000 c/ 10000 b/ 8000 d/ 12000 chapter 13: 1/ which of the following is a disadvantage of the corporate form of organization? a/ limited liability b/ continuous life c/ owner is separate from management d/ ability to raise capital 2/ paid in capital for a corporation may araise from which of the following sources? a/ issuing preferred stock / issuing common stock c/ selling the corporation’s treasury stock d/ all of the above 3/ the stockholder’s equity section of the balance sheet may include : a/ common stock b/ stock dividends distributable c/ preferred stock d/ all of the above 4/ if a corporation reacquires its own stock , the stock is listed on the balance sheet in the : a/ current assets section b/ long term liabil ities section c/ stockholders’ equity section d/ investments section 5/ a corporation has issued 25000, shares of 100 par common stock and holds 3000 of these shares as treasury of stock . If the corporation declares a 2 per share cash dividend , what amount will be recorded as cash dividends? a/ 22000c/44000 b/ 25000d/ 50000 chapter 15: 1/ If a corpo. Plans to issue 1,000,000 of 12 % bonds of a time when the market rate for similar bonds is 10 % the bonds can be expected to sell at : a/ their face amount b/ a premium a discount d/ a price below their face amount 2/ if the bonds payable account has a balance of 900,000 and the discount on bonds payable account has a balance of 72000 , what is the carrying amount of the bonds? / 828,000 b/ 900,000 c/ 972,000 d/ 580,000 3/ the cash and securities that make up the sinking fund established for the payment of bonds at maturity are classified on the balance sheet as: a/ current assets b/ investments c/ long term liabilities d/ current liabilities 4/ if a firm purchase 150,000 of bonds of x company at 101 plus accrued interests of 2000 and pays brokers commissions of 50 , the amount debited to investment in x company bonds wo uld be : a/ 150,000 b/ 151,550 c/ 153,500 d/ 153,550 / the balance in the discount on bonds payable account would usually be reported in the balance sheet in the : a/ current assets section b/ current liabilities section c/ long term liabilities section d/ investments section chapter 16: 1/ an ex of a cash flow from an operating activity is : a/ receipt of cash from the sale of stock b/ receipt of cash from the sale of bonds c/ payment of cash for dividends d/ receipt of cash from customers on account 2/ an ex of a cash flow from an investing activity is : a/ receipt of cash from the sale of equipment / receipt of cash from the sale of stock c/ payment of cash for dividends d/ payment of cash to acquire treasury stock 3/ an ex of a cash flow from a financing activity is: a/ receipt of cash from customers on account b/ receipt of cash from the sale of equipment c/ payment of cash for dividends d/ payment of cash to acquire land 4/ which of the following methods of reporting cash flow s from operating activities adjust net income for revenues and expenses not involving the receipt or payment of cash? a/ direct method b/ purchase method c/ reciprocal method d/ indirect method / the net income reported on the income statements for the year was 55000 and depreciation of fixed assets for the year was 22000 . The balances of the current assets and current liability accounts at the beginning and end of the year are shown at the top of the following page? / 740 Chapter 17: 1/ what type of analysis is indicated by the following ? a/ vertical analysis b/ horizontal analysis c/ profitability analysis d/ contribution margin analysis 2/ which of the following measures indicates the ability of a firm to pay its current liabilities ? a/ working capital b/ current ratio c/ quick ratio / all of above 3/ the ratio determined by dividing total current assets by total current liabilities is: a/ current ratio b/ working capital ratio c/ bankers’ ratio d/ all of the above 4/ t he ratio of the quick assets to current liabilities , which indicates the â€Å" instant† debt paying ability of a firm , is the : a/ current ratio b/ working capital ratio c/ quick ratio d/ bankers’ ratio 5/ a measure useful in evaluating efficiency in the management of inventories is the: a/ working capital ratio b/ quick ratio c/ number of days’ sale in inventory d/ ratio of fixed assets to long term liabilities

Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria

Analysis of the challenges of religion and ethnicity on political stability in Nigeria’s fourth republic (1999-2011) INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Basically, Nigeria is a plural society and heterogeneous in virtually all the facet of life. The custom and tradition of Nigerians is so diverse to the extent that Nigeria as a country is now confronted with the problem of religion and ethnicity towards their political stability. The origin and history of ethnic conflict (societal wars and violence) can be traced from eternal (internal) state rivalry to external (physical).And its root cause is not very far from power competition and decision making over economic resources and other important human factor, like position. The implementation process has always involved more than one or two persons. In general concept, the author of this work traces conflict back to the first and early Patriarchal of human history and ever since then, there has been an increase (in various dimen sions) of Conflict in the face of human world. Some are personal (internal) conflict, family, community, and group, intellectual, state, national and international in nature, to mention but few.In conforming to this idea, Badawi (2006) in his statement titled â€Å"World Apart† stated thus, â€Å"indeed the greatest discord today is among the descendants of Abraham. These are the people of the book, the followers of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, who had in fact shared a common beginning in the religion of Abraham†. In shedding more light in the above statement, Badawi statement goes far beyond religion, rather, he was tracing one of the earliest source of conflict which Badawi mentioned the off-springs of the said Abraham.Even before Abraham, there had been conflict, so it is as old as human history down to the Abrahamic period, to ancient kingdoms, Dukes, and Kings. In about 88 B. C. , King Mithriadates VI of Pontus invaded Roman territory in Asian Minor. He advise d Asian debtors to kill their Roman creditors. Happy to reduce their credit card bills, the Asians massacred 80,000 Romans. Ethno-political conflicts have greatly shaped our present world and of course have its structural phenomenon, (William Easterly, 2001). For instances, the conflict we now call Israeli and Palestinian war, has been an ever-lengthening sort.The Assyrian, Babylonian war, by King Nebuchadnezzar of the hanging Garden in history, the Persia war, Alexander the Great (the Macedonian mad man in history), the German war of Adolf’s Hitler, the Roman wars, narrowing all these down, we came to the horn of African continent which seem to be an epidemic field of conflicts of diverse kinds till date. The giant-lion of African continent, just like the origin of conflict is said to have stated very old in human history, even so in the case of Nigeria, which can be traced to the colonial period of history. Conflict takes different sizes and shapes with diverse reasons and purposes.Majority of the conflicts takes time before their escalation and at such, could have been transformed right at their respective early stages. The history of ethnicity and ethnic conflicts in Nigeria is also traced back to the colonial transgressions that forced the ethnic groups of the northern and southern provinces to become an entity called Nigeria in 1914. In the case of Nigeria situation, disturbing history of colonialism, this generated hatred and conflict among different ethnic groups. The task of addressing this seed of conflict planted by the British has been a complex one.After weakening the former diverse kingdoms, Emperors, etc now called Nigeria and reordering the groups’ politics, the colonial powers failed in nation building and providing for the people's basic needs. Hence, unemployment, poverty increase, and due to these, conflict over scarce resources ensue. The Southern and Northern protectorates were also being amalgamated into a nation. Thereafte r, the merging of different colonies into one country called Nigeria was forcefully done without the people's consent. This was a major seed of conflict that is still troubling Nigeria today.This article is focused on the historical incidents of ethnic conflicts in within Nigeria societies, the cause of the conflicts and perhaps, the government actions towards ethnic conflict in the country. In conclusion, this paper will explore into decision-making (by the elites and those in authority) process has contributed immensely in generating the syndromes of conflict in the said state. The Nigerian political situation has witnessed more breaking of heads, than counting them. In fact, even when it has been convenient for heads to be counted, the outcome has always been the breaking of heads instead.Conflict in Nigeria is so intense because of lack of democratic behaviour. The head of the individual in the democratic context signifies citizenship. So when heads are broken in the Nigerian po litical community, the issue in respect of broken heads is citizenship. If conflict in Nigeria means the absence of democratic behaviour, it follows, therefore, that conflict in Nigeria is interwoven with the absence of democratic governance. Gurr (2000): has also shown that the incidence of conflicts at the global level declined in recent years with the deepening of democratisation.Nation-states where conflicts persist are those where what obtains is the democratisation of disempowerment (Ake 1996). Beyond the veneer of elections, the state remains ambushed, privatised, repressive and unpopular. The people who were tantalised by the prospect of a democratic revolution that would terminate decades of alienation and pauperisation have been short changed and given a ‘choice less democracy’ (Mkandawire 1999). The ‘credibility gap’ which fostered the De-linkage of the people from the state, and ignited social forces to struggle for democracy, is not being bridg ed (Rothchild 1995: 58).African peoples out of clear rational calculations sans atavistic attachments have turned their backs on the state ‘and given their loyalty to sub-national social formations such as the community, the sub nationality or ethnic groups’ (Ake 2000: 114). It is against this backdrop that the proliferation and exacerbation of violent ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria in the post-transition period can be appreciated. This article adopts an analytical framework that holds that The interface between ethnicity and democratisation is found in absence of effective citizenship and good governance in post-transition societies.In the circumstance that democracy does not go beyond the conduct of multiparty elections to include improvement in the quality of life of the people, there is frustration, and people who already feel alienated from the state are vulnerable and likely to be mobilised around counter-elites who exploit extant popular alienation from the state by whipping up sectarian sentiments. This has been the case in Nigeria and several multi-ethnic states of Africa (Osaghae 1994).Although the foregoing theoretical discussion has focused on ethnicity, the term ethno-religious is adopted because some of the recent violent conflicts to be examined were triggered by religious issues. The relevance of religion is also underlined by the fact that in Nigeria ethnic boundaries tend to coincide with religion, with the exception of the Yoruba ethnic group (Ibrahim 1999). The Nigeria state was amalgamated in the year 1914 by lord lugard. The various geographical areas or territory which was amalgamated to form Nigeria by the colonialist comprises of various cleavages, clans, towns even there were kingdoms and hiefdoms with diverse culture, language, religion, norms values, customs and political structures etc. The focus of the research monogram is to examine the role of religion and ethnicity in Nigeria nascent democracy. In Nigeria esp ecially, religion plays a very vital and influential role in the society that has manifested itself as a potent force in the political development of the Nigerian state from pre-independence to post-independence. Hardly can the Nigerian state be talked about without reference to religion (Kukah, 1994; Falola, 1990; Kenny, 2006; International IDEA, 2000; Suberu, 2009).However, religion in Nigeria, at different levels, is mostly mentioned in negative terms. Or rather, historical events linked to religion tilts more towards its negative than its positive contribution to the Nigerian state. The Jihad, the civil war propaganda, the Sharia law controversy, the tensions provoked by the Nigerian accession to the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) and the incessant religious crises that have engulfed the Northern part mainly indicate that religion cannot be ignored or wished away in the Nigerian political development. Several religious crises have occurred in Nigeria.They have been docu mented as academic dissertations for some of them. This piece of work does not intend to start the discourse on religious violence anew but only recognizes the fact that as a recurrent phenomenon it is worth being explored further. Thus â€Å"Boko Haram† menace which gained global recognition and even press support ranging from July 2009 till date is a the central focus of this study together with other riots which has engulfed the Nigeria state from 1999 till date which most Nigeria educated elite believed that religion and ethnicity were the basic causes.The educated elite have conducted series of research on what the causes of this violent riots maybe. Most have concluded that it can be traced and linked to the failure of governance in Nigeria. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS The mistake of 1914 has polarised the Nigeria society together with its citizens in which loyalty to the State is a mirage instead people pay loyalty to their various families and ethnic groups the effect of this can be traced to 1967 civil-war which disintegrate the country or in the political system which almost lead to secession of the country with the easterner believed to be the aggrieved ethnic in the war.Similarly Nigeria has a long history of religious crisis which has affected the political instability of Nigeria. The maintasine riot of 1980 can be said to be the first major religious riot in Nigerian history, claiming about 800 lives. The Boko Haram insurgence in the northern part of the country which has been directed mainly against the Christians, they have suffered a lot both physically, psychologically, economically, spiritually and even politically in the far North which has led political writers and pundits to affirm that Boko Haram conflict has its roots in Religion.The thrust of this work will be to examine the underlying reasons behind political instability in Nigeria using religion and ethnicity as a paradigm. 1. 3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY. The study will cover the impa cts of religion and ethnicity towards the stabilization or in- stabilization of the Nigeria political system it will cover how religion and ethnicity have impacted on the political stability of Nigeria. Furthermore the study will emphasize more on the role the government is playing in stabilizing the un-stabilized country. 1. 4OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The following can be regarded as the aims and objective of the study 1.To know the meaning of religion, ethnicity, political stability, and political instability 2. To know how religion and ethnicity have negatively impacted on Nigerian political development 3. To develop possible solutions and panaceas to the problems of religions and ethnicity to Nigerian political in-stability 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1 What meaning does religion, ethnicity and political instability carries 2 How has religion and ethnicity impacted on the political stability of Nigeria 3 what are the possible solutions to the problem of religion and ethnicity in Nigeri a political system 1. JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY Many a developing countries of the world are currently experiencing the problems which ethnicity and religion have caused. The ethnic problem which led to the apartheid era in South Africa is also the same ethnicity and religion problem which has almost disintegrated the Nigerian State. Recalling back to what happen during the civil war in the late sixties and early seventies which led to the introduction of the national youth service corp. by the then military president General Yakubu Gowon which aim at integrating back the almost disintegrated country.Books, Journals, Magazines, Pamphlets, and lot of researches have been written and carried out respectively on the issue of ethnicity and religion, and its impact on the Nigeria political stability. This research work will serve as an additional material to the issue on ethnicity and religion to political instability in Nigeria, this work will focus more on ethnicity and religion and its i mpact on Nigerian politics 1. 7RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology will be based on secondary data collections ranging from books, Journals Newspapers, News Magazines, Pamphlets and even the Internet.In conducting any research basically there are two methodologies employed by researchers which are the primary and the secondary methods. This research work will be basically conducted using the secondary methodology as earlier mentioned. 1. 8DEFINITION OF TERMS Ethnicity: According to the oxford advance learners dictionary ethnicity can simply mean â€Å"the fact of belonging to a particular race† from the dictionary meaning we can deduced the fact that Humans believed in race and they have passion for race which leads to humans ethnocentrism i. e. highly ethnocentric in nature.Ethnicity has a strategic interaction of persons and other actors, who have different beliefs, attitude’s, values and goals as they decide particular conflict the distribution of resource ’s and general issues of political rules within a context of norms, expectations and institutions. Any of the rule, expectation and institutions may be reversed, maintained or inverted by the individual who win the right to control them, in the course of those political negotiations that are sometimes called cooperation, and sometimes called war, and are usually somewhere between the two.In another sense, ethnic identity are political resources just like money or vote. Instrumentalist like Micheal Banton and Micheal Hecthtar, argue that ethnic identity are not inherent in group or socio-formation of people. They see ethnic identity as socio-capital brought to bear on the political negotiation table by different groups and at different times. Hutchinson and Smith also argue that ethnic identity are an important resource that political Elite employ in securing the support of the masses as a strategy for gaining a desired good.These goods and or goals are â€Å"measured in term s of wealth, power, and status and†¦ joining or national communities helps to secure these ends either by influencing the state, or in certain situations, through secession. Religion: religion on its own part can be regarded as the belief in the existence of God or gods and the activity that are connected in the worship of them. Religion can also be stress further by meaning one of the system of faith that are based on the belief in the existence of a particular God or gods.For example the Jewish religion, Christianity Islam and other world religion. Furthermore in the classical and ancient ages religion has achieved a lot in their politics for example the doctrine of Islam was used in many Arab nations has their constitution even up till the present age. The Ancient Romans, also, during the time of Constantine accepted Christianity as a religion and a mode of life which also affected their political terrain.Religion in the 21 century is now used narrowly towards Christianity a nd Islam even though other religion still exist but the former two religion have elevated to prominence that other religion are now beneath them. For instance about Political stability: can depict the mean of a system of politics in which the government of that State is experiencing a stable government and peaceful existence in the State or in otherworld’s a legitimately accepted government by the people. Democratically governed States are believed to be stable.In the global sense every political entity must be ruled democratically without internal oppression or external aggression. Any country of the world that is free from the aforementioned point are regarded as stable political system in other words internal oppression has cause a lot of havoc to many democracies of the world which has infringed on their stability as noted by Ojo 2002. Descent Rule: These covers a larger set of cases that we commonly understand to be ethnic than the rules that ethnic groups must have a my th of common ancestry or common origin.But it excludes several cases in which individuals routinely consider themselves, and are considered as members, of a group that we classify as ethnic even when their parents were not coded as members of this group. Take for example the category â€Å"Yoruba† when it was invented in Nigeria in the nineteenth century. At this time period, the parents of those who were classified as Yoruba were not themselves classified as Yoruba for the reason that this category did not exist during their lifetimes.According to Descent Rule, then, the category Yoruba in the nineteenth century would not be coded as ethnic. But the category Yoruba is universally coded as an ethnic category by all comparative political scientists, without making a distinction between time periods. As another example, consider the category â€Å"Backward Caste† in India, which included as members individuals who possessed a given set of last names and/or ancestral occu pations. The category was introduced by the Indian Central Government in 1990.Within a few years, 52% of the Indian population classified itself and was classified as backward. Yet the parents of those who termed themselves â€Å"Backward Caste† were not coded by themselves or by others as â€Å"Backward Caste† because, as in the case of the first generation of Yoruba’s, this category did not exist during their lifetimes Democracy: According to Abraham Lincoln he defines democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people.In this wise democracy connotes a system of government in which all the people in a country will have the outright say on the government of their country although in a representative manner meaning that they will elect representatives that will represent their interest in the government. Advanced countries if the world where democracy is practiced completely they have national identity as opposed to the developing world w here they have ethnic identity.Advanced democracies always believe in secularism in which every religion is accepted and embraced not a system in which part will have cognisance to a religion and the other will believe in other religion causing serious tension in such states like Nigeria. Federalism : Elasar (cited in Akande, 1996:1)† the formation of European union (EU) which simply begun as a trading partnership for coal and steel is now moving towards a more integrated political union founded upon federal principle of governance†.The African union (AU) which is the federation of African counties where a central government intended to be created with sharing or division of power among the federating unit, even the world highest organization body united Nation have in some little degree, evolved the principle of federalism. Federalism is a system of government which embraces unity in diversity. Federalism as a system of government is one in which there will be central a nd regional governments each one autonomous of each other.

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The Expression of Cyclical-Universal Understanding Inherent in the Mlamadhyamakikrik by Ngrjuna - Essay Example The philosophers who ascribe to this position do so without having real proof: certainly in many cases it seems to be true that the same thing will always happen in identical conditions, say, a sound will always travel at the speed of sound through a certain medium. On the other hand, there are documented limitations to this understanding: in quantum mechanics, scientists can have exactly the same circumstances, and only predict a probability of results. They argue this away by indicating that there was probably something different in the circumstances that cannot be effectively observed, but the bottom line is that this philosophy inherently rests on an unproven assumption, without which it cannot stand. It is thus always interesting to analyze the fundamental premises on which a major work of thought is based. Nagarjuna’s Mulamadhyamakikarik, the foundational text of â€Å"Middle Way† Buddhism, demonstrates all the hallmarks of the best Buddhist thinking: a unique com bination of logic and spirituality, a peace with subjectivity and so on. But it, like every work of philosophy, rests on an un-provable premise, without which its arguments largely fail. IN the case of Mulamadhyamakikarik, one such fundamental premise is that the universe is cyclical in nature. ... If a thing is non-existent, how could it have a condition? / if a thing is already existent, what would a condition do?† (Nagarjuna 1.6). This is essentially a play on the idea of conditional existence: obviously everything has a conditional existence (a bird would not exist if its mother did not lay an egg, for instance), and yet that conditional existence implies the possibility of the non-existence of the thing, which obviously cannot be, because the thing is. Similarly, the condition of a non-extant thing’s existence is obviously of no importance, as the thing does not exist. He then uses this comfort in comparing the conditionality of existent and non-existent things to describe how the conditionality of existence essentially negates a thing having its own essence, separate from another thing – so everything can exist, but everything that exists is essentially the same (Nagarjuna). This philosophy thus earns the name â€Å"The Middle Way† because it fo rges a practical middle road between the two extremes of Buddhist thought: that everything exists, or that nothing does. Nagarjuna’s argument that nothing has its own separate, distinct essence serves as the central argument of this work. But this essential argument rests fundamentally on the idea of a cyclical universe, something inherent to all Buddhist thinking. Nagarjuna expresses this Buddhist idea of the infinity in the opening lines of his text: â€Å"Neither from itself, nor from another, / Nor from both, / nor without a cause, / does anything whatever, anywhere arise† (Nagarjuna 1.1). This demonstrates the idea of the infinite being a circle, as opposed to an expanse as imagined in Western thought. That is, obviously things are – or at

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What changes would you make to the English law of restitution Explain why you think these are desirable, but also identify any potential disadvantages that might result from them - Essay Example fusion of contract and equity based remedies justified under the head of restitution and generally, the courts have been unwilling to recognise restitution as a separate principle of recovery due to alternative common law methods of recovery such a quantum valebat and quantum meruit, the doctrine of waiver in tort and equitable claims3. As such, Tettenborn argues that â€Å"faced with this situation it is not surprising that the judges chose to remain within the existing categories of recovery rather than postulate any new theory of liability4.† The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate the law of restitution and consider possible reform. To this end, I shall firstly consider the essential principles of restitution and it is submitted that the inherent problem with restitution based claims is the doctrinal difficulty of quantifying the concept of â€Å"unjust enrichment†. As such, the underlying objective of restitution has often been confused with equitable trust law principles, compounding legal certainty in this area as evidenced by the swaps litigation in decisions such as Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington LBC5 Accordingly, in evaluating the law of restitution and possible reform, I shall contextually consider the swaps litigation and submit the proposition that possible reform in restitution should consider categorisation of according to the nature of the dispute and consider the common intention of the parties in considering the concept of unjust enrichment. As highlighted above, the underlying basis for restitution under English law is to protect a claimant against the unjust enrichment of a defendant. However, in practice the inherently ambiguous nature of what constitutes â€Å"unjust† in order to merit recovery has led the judiciary to obfuscate the distinction between restitution, equity and contractual principles for recovery6. This in turn has fuelled academic debate as to the appropriate role and applicability of restitution

Building Information Modeling (BIM) For Sustainable Design Dissertation

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Will email details - Essay Example rt for the world to see the Negro’s capability of beauty, that the black man or woman is no different from the rest of humanity with his or her expression of beauty. He saw race more as a matter of social and cultural influence rather than the biological and hereditary influence or color of skin. Dubois, on the other hand, saw the pragmatic use of the art to advance the cause of the Negro. Thus, he called for Negro artists to look back at Africa for inspiration and to dig deep within their Negro character to best represent it in the art. Thus, artists such as Jacob Lawrence, Loà ¯s Mailou Jones, William H. Johnson and others responded with their visual arts. Thus, artists such Jacob Lawrence and William H. Johnson responded by depicting that blacks could be beautiful by literally portraying Negroes in his painting in accordance with Locke’s philosophy as what we can see from his painting in Poor Parlor, Self Portrait and Chain Gang. Artists such as Loà ¯s Mailou Jones proved in their paintings the Negro’s capability for aesthetics as they painted beauty of equal magnificence such as the work in Fishing Smacks, Menemsha, Massachusetts and Les Pommes Vertes (The Green Apples) proving that the Negro is equally capable. In a way, the futurism art movement was a celebration of the industrialized world which is contradictory to other artists who retreat from the hustle of the big industrialized cities as they create their works. Their method ranged from abstraction to photography depicting actions, objects and insignia of industrialization. For example Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà  , Luigi Russolo, Giacomo Balla, and Gino Severini created Poesia as an abstraction of the horse that moves goods and people before the introduction of motorized vehicles. In their other works, they also portrayed the working man and woman suggesting that indeed, beauty can be seen in toiling in the city. Practical art form such as signs has a useful impact on me. Messages conveyed

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