Was the Ice-Free Corridor an Early Route into Americas

The Ice-Free Corridor hypothesis (or IFC) has been a reasonable theory for how human colonization of the American continents occurred since at least the 1930s. The earliest mention of the possibility was arguably the 16th-century Spanish Jesuit scholar Fray Jose de Acosta who suggested that Native Americans must have walked across dry land from Asia. In 1840, Louis Agassiz put forward his theory that the continents had been covered by glacial ice at several points in our ancient history. After dates for the last time that occurred became available in the 20th century, archaeologists such as W.A. Johnson and Marie Wormington were actively seeking a way by which humans could possibly have entered North America from Asia when ice covered most of Canada. Essentially, these scholars suggested that Clovis culture hunters—then considered the earliest arrivals in North America—arrived by chasing after now-extinct large-bodied versions of elephant and buffalo following an open corridor between the ice slabs. The route of the corridor, since identified, crossed what is now the provinces of Alberta and eastern British Columbia, between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice masses. The Ice-Free Corridors existence and usefulness for human colonization are not questioned: but the latest theories about the timing of human colonization have seemingly ruled it out as the first pathway taken by people arriving from Beringea  and northeastern Siberia. Questioning the Ice-Free Corridor Map outlining the opening of the human migration routes in North America revealed by the results presented in this study.   Mikkel Winther Pedersen In the early 1980s, modern vertebrate paleontology and geology were applied to the question. Studies showed that various portions of the IFC were in fact blocked by ice from between 30,000 to at least 11,500 calendar years ago (cal BP): that would have been during and for a long while after the Last Glacial Maximum. Clovis sites in North America date to about 13,400–12,800 cal BP; so somehow Clovis had to arrive in North America using a different path. Further doubts about the corridor began to arise in the late 1980s when pre-Clovis sites—sites older than even 13,400 years (such as Monte Verde in Chile)—began to be supported by the archaeological community. Clearly, people who lived in far southern Chile 15,000 years ago could not have used the ice-free corridor to get there.   The oldest confirmed human occupation site known within the main route of the corridor is in northern British Columbia: Charlie Lake Cave (12,500 cal BP), where the recovery of both southern bison bone and Clovis-like projectile points suggest that these colonists arrived from the south, and not from the north. Clovis and the Ice Free Corridor Recent archaeological studies in eastern Beringia, as well as detailed mapping of the route of the Ice Free Corridor, have led researchers to recognize that a passable opening between the ice sheets did exist beginning circa 14,000 cal BP (ca. 12,000 RCYBP). The passable opening was likely only partially ice-free, so it is sometimes called the western interior corridor or deglaciation corridor in the scientific literature. While still too late to represent a passageway for pre-Clovis people, the Ice-Free Corridor may well have been the main route taken by Clovis hunter-gatherers moving from the Plains up into the Canadian shield. Recent scholarship seems to suggest that the Clovis big-game hunting strategy originated in the central Plains of what is today the United States and then followed bison and then reindeer northward. An alternative route for the first colonists has been proposed along the Pacific coast, which would have been ice-free and available for migration for pre-Clovis explorers in boats or along the shoreline.  The change of path is both affected by and affects our comprehension of the earliest colonists in the Americas: rather than Clovis big game hunters, the earliest Americans (pre-Clovis) are now thought to have used a broad variety of food sources, including hunting, gathering, and fishing. Some scholars such as American archaeologist Ben Potter and colleagues have pointed out, however, that hunters could well have followed ice margins and successfully crossed ice: the viability of the ICF is not ruled out. Bluefish Caves and its Implications This horse mandible from Bluefish Cave 2 shows a number of cut marks on the lingual surface. They show the animals tongue was cut out with a stone tool.   Università © de Montrà ©al All of the accepted archaeological sites that have been identified in the IFC are younger than 13,400 cal BP, which is the watershed period for Clovis hunters and gatherers. There is one exception: Bluefish Caves, located at the northern end, Canadas Yukon Territory near the border with Alaska. Bluefish Caves are three small karstic cavities which each have a thick layer of loess, and they were excavated between 1977 and 1987 by Canadian archaeologist Jacques Cinq-Mars. The loess contained stone tools and animal bones, an assemblage that is similar to Dyuktai culture in eastern Siberia which itself dates at least as early as16,000–15,000 cal BP. Reanalysis of the bone assemblage from the site by Canadian archaeologist Lauriane Bourgeon and colleagues included AMS radiocarbon dates on cut-marked bone samples. These results indicate that the sites earliest occupation dates to 24,000 cal BP (19,650 /- 130 RCYPB), making it the oldest known archaeological site in the Americas. The radiocarbon dates also support the Beringian standstill hypothesis. The Ice-Free Corridor would not have been open at this early date, suggesting that the first colonists from Beringia likely dispersed along the Pacific coastline. While the archaeological community is still somewhat divided about the reality and characterization of many archaeological sites that pre-date Clovis, Bluefish Caves is compelling support for a pre-Clovis entry into North America along the Pacific coast. Sources Bourgeon, Lauriane, Ariane Burke, and Thomas Higham. Earliest Human Presence in North America Dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: New Radiocarbon Dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada. PLOS ONE 12.1 (2017): e0169486. Print. Dawe, Robert J., and Marcel Kornfeld. Nunataks and Valley Glaciers: Over the Mountains and through the Ice. Quaternary International 444 (2017): 56-71. Print. Heintzman, Peter D., et al. Bison Phylogeography Constrains Dispersal and Viability of the Ice Free Corridor in Western Canada. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.29 (2016): 8057-63. Print. Llamas, Bastien, et al. Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Provides High-Resolution Time Scale of the Peopling of the Americas. Science Advances 2.4 (2016). Print. Pedersen, Mikkel W., et al. Postglacial Viability and Colonization in North America’s Ice-Free Corridor. Nature 537 (2016): 45. Print. Potter, Ben A., et al. Early Colonization of Beringia and Northern North America: Chronology, Routes, and Adaptive Strategies. Quaternary International 444 (2017): 36-55. Print. Smith, Heather L., and Ted Goebel. Origins and Spread of Fluted-Point Technology in the Canadian Ice-Free Corridor and Eastern Beringia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.16 (2018): 4116-21. Print. Waguespack, Nicole M. Why We’re Still Arguing About the Pleistocene Occupation of the Americas. Evolutionary Anthropology 16.63-74 (2007). Print.

Class Discussion 3 Example

Essays on Class Discussion 3 Coursework due: discussion 3 Many heroes must face the underworld. If descending into the underworld, or Hell, this is called a  katabasis. If confronting spirits through a sort of sà ©ance, as Odysseus does, this is called a  nekyia. While Odysseus has clear goals in his sà ©ance with the dead—to gain information from Tiresias--what is its purpose for the poem thematically? In other words, do you think that confronting the dead has any special significance to the plot beyond the obvious? Yes, confronting the dead in the poem has a special significance to the plot beyond the obvious. This is evident where the ghost of Agamemnon asked the ghost of Amphimedon to explain what happened to many fine young men who accompanied him to the underworld. The answer by the ghost of Amphimedon reveals that Ulysses had disappeared for a long time such that his wife had some suitors that were courting her. In addition, it is through the answer by the ghost that the intentions of Ulysses wife are k nown. She had no intention of getting married to any of the suitors courting her, but her aim was to destroy all of them. Another significance of confronting the dead is that it unravels the reason Penelope took four years to complete her needlework. The discussion between the two ghosts disclose that Penelope (Ulysses wife) played a trick on all suitors to avoid getting married. This is clear where the ghost of Amphimedon says that they caught her at night in the act of undoing her needlework that she had completed during the day. In addition, confronting the dead explained how Ulysses came back home. The ghost of Amphimedon explained that Ulysses returned to his home dressed in rags like a beggar so that no one could tell who he was. Furthermore, Amphimedon’s ghost talked of the test of stringing the bow that the suitors failed, but Ulysses succeeded. This signifies their weakness of fear while from the perspective of Ulysses it shows his bravery. Moreover, the ghost of Amphimedon recalled the attack in which they were killed and that their dead bodies were never recovered from Ulysses home. This is an indication of Ulysses power and authority. Finally, confronting the dead disclosed that women who remained chaste after their husband’s death were honored, and their husbands are considered blessed according to the period the poem was written. This is noticeable where the ghost of Agamemnon said that Ulysses is blessed to have Penelope, the daughter of Icarius as his wife. This signifies Ulysses dignity and integrity. â€Æ'Work citedDavis, Paul, Gary Harrison, David M. Johnson, and John F. Crawford. The Bedford Anthology of World Literature, Compact Edition, Volume 1: The Ancient, Medieval, and Early Modern World (Beginnings-1650). Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. 2000 Pages. Print.

Information Systems free essay sample

Courses (Course ID, CourseName) b) For each of the tables you created, what are the candidate keys? There are Students Table and Courses Table. Students Table: Candidate keys include student ID, firstName and lastName. Courses Table: They candidate key is the Course ID and courseName. c) For each of the tables you created, what is the primary key? The primary key of Students Table is Student ID. The primary key of Courses Table is Course ID. d) Explain how the two tables are related. Which table contains the foreign key? What is the foreign key? The students and their course names make the tables related. The student ID correlates to the students last names and first names and the course ID. Therefore, this is the primary key. The course ID is the foreign key of the Course Table. 2) The Cape Codd Outdoor Sports database has the following tables: RETAIL_ORDER (OrderNumber, StoreNumber, StoreZip, OrderMonth, OrderYear, OrderTotal) ORDER_ITEM (OrderNumber, SKU, Quantity, Price, ExtendedPrice) SKU_DATA (SKU, SKU_Description, Department, Buyer) WAREHOUSE (WarehouseID, WarehouseCity, WarehouseState, Manager, Squarefeet) INVENTORY (WarehouseID, SKU, SKU_Description, QuantityOnHand, QuantityOnOrder) a) There is a flaw in the design of the INVENTORY table. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Explain what this design flaw is. There are 2 primary keys in the inventory table, which are the Warehouse ID and the SKU. They are primary key references for relationships to other tables. b) For each of the tables above, what is the primary key? Retail_Order: Order Number Order_Item: Order Number SKU_Data: SKU Warehouse: Warehouse ID Inventory: Warehouse ID and SKU c) Which tables contain foreign keys? What are the foreign keys? Order_Item table contains a foreign key and the foreign keys are the SKU attribute. 3) We know that if a table meets certain requirements, it is considered a relation. Give three examples of tables that are not relations. Explain why they are not relations. In a column, entries have to be the same kind or else the data would not be consistent. Every row must be different because 2 of the same kind would not be consistent. A table that has more than one identical column name would not be a relation because it is confusing to know where to place data into a table.

Gatsby One Of The Socially Elite Essay free essay sample

Gatsby, One Of The Socially Elite Essay, Research Paper Gatsby, One of the Socially Elite The novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald portrayed the positions, beliefs, and actions of the socially elect of nineteen-twenties America. Fitzgerald was non biased for or against the rich ; he merely chronicled the lives of his characters and how money and category separated people. The best illustration of this was life of the rubric character himself, Jay Gatsby. Asking heads want to cognize, # 8220 ; Who is Gatsby, and what makes him so great? # 8221 ; The novel begins with the debut of the storyteller, Nick Carraway. After contending in World War I, Nick left his outstanding household in the West to travel to West Egg near New York City to larn the bond concern. Despite the original program to populate with an associate, Nick ends up populating entirely following door to a sign of the zodiac in which Jay Gatsby resides. In the first of several documented assemblages, Nick spent the afternoon with Daisy, his distant cousin, Tom, her hubby, and Jordan Baker, a outstanding golf player. That was the first clip Nick heard about Gatsby and his excessive parties. The afternoon besides uncovered Daisy # 8217 ; s intuition of Tom # 8217 ; s infidelity. Her intuition was confirmed to Nick in the following chapter when he accompanied Tom to New York. Half manner through the train drive, they stopped at an car garage to talk to George Wilson about a auto Tom was supposed to sell him. When Wilson went to his office for a minute, his married woman, Myrtle appeared. Tom told her that he wanted to see her and to take the following train to New York. When Wilson reappeared, Myrtle announced that she was traveling to see her sister that afternoon. That flushing Nick, Tom, and Myrtle rendezvoused with others in the flat that Tom had purchased for them. It was during this clip that Nick was informed of the fact that neither Tom nor Myrtle could stand their partners. Every weekend, Nick # 8217 ; s neighbour, Gatsby, held excessive parties at his house. One forenoon, Gatsby # 8217 ; s pantryman came to Nick # 8217 ; s house and invited him to the party that flushing. It was there that Nick met up one time once more with Jordan and finally was introduced to the ill-famed Gatsby. Later in the dark Jordan and Gatsby disappeared for an hr after which Nick said adieu to Jordan and Gatsby and went place. One forenoon in July, Gatsby went to Nick # 8217 ; s house and proclaimed that the two were traveling to the metropolis for tiffin. During the long drive at that place Gatsby told Nick the narrative of his life, which Nick subsequently discovered to be wholly false. He so told Nick that he was traveling to do a big petition of him, but that he could non inquire him himself and Jordan was traveling to state him subsequently that twenty-four hours when they went out to tea. When the two work forces arrived in New York City, they had tiffin with Meyer Wolfsheim, the # 8220 ; adult male who fixed the World Series in 1919. # 8221 ; When they were go forthing Nick recognized Tom and introduced Gatsby and Tom to each other. Before the three could get down speaking, Gatsby had left. At tea with Jordan, Nick learned the whole narrative about Daisy and Gatsby, and how they fell in love, but so Gatsby had to go forth for the war. Daisy had married Tom, believing that Gatsby would neer return. It was besides no happenstance that Gatsby lived so close to Daisy ; he had bought that house so that he could be merely across the bay from Daisy. It was at that point that Nick was informed of the favour he was to execute. Gatsby wanted Jordan to inquire Nick if he could ask for Daisy over for tea so that Gatsby could # 8220 ; pop in. # 8221 ; Nick arranged the tea, stating Daisy specifically non to convey Tom. At first there was nil but awkward intermissions between the twosome, but after much goad from Nick, Gatsby and Daisy beg an to talk. Then Gatsby suggested that the three of them go look at his house. It was there that Nick left the twosome wholly engrossed in one another. After that Nick did non see much of Gatsby for several hebdomads. That is until the party that both Daisy and her hubby attended. When Nick eventually met up with Gatsby at the terminal of the dark, Gatsby was depressed because Daisy did non bask herself. Nick suggested that possibly it was non possible for Gatsby to reiterate the past with Daisy, a impression that Gatsby rapidly rejected. At Daisy # 8217 ; s request, Nick was invited to her house for tea with Jordan and Gatsby. Tom was in and out of the salon replying phone calls and acquiring drinks. After much tenseness, the group decided to travel into New York. Daisy and Gatsby rode in Tom # 8217 ; s auto and Tom, Jordan and Nick rode in Gatsby # 8217 ; s auto. Tom had to halt for gas at Wilson # 8217 ; s garage where Wilson informed Tom that he was taking his married woman out West because he had late discovered that she was holding an matter. Tom rapidly left and caught up with Gatsby and Daisy. The group eventually decided to run into at the Plaza Hotel and lease a room for the afternoon. Tension began to mount when Tom began to inquire Gatsby inquiries about his yesteryear. During the verbal assault, Gatsby burst out that Daisy had neer loved Tom and forced Daisy to acknowledge the same. She reluctantly obeyed, but so took it back. It was so that Daisy told Tom that she was go forthing him. At that point G atsby and Daisy left the metropolis in Gatsby # 8217 ; s auto. Daisy drove on the manner place. As she passed Wilson # 8217 ; s garage, Myrtle ran out in forepart of the auto because she thought Tom was coming to take her off. The auto hit her and killed her immediately. Daisy kept traveling and she and Gatsby took the auto to Gatsby # 8217 ; s house and called a cab to take them to her house. Tom, Jordan, and Nick passed the scene subsequently and discovered what had happened. Tom instantly blamed Gatsby for killing Myrtle. The following forenoon, Nick went over to Gatsby # 8217 ; s house and they sat around for a piece. After they had finished breakfast, Nick had to go forth to catch his train for work. He left Gatsby at place entirely, that is until Wilson showed up to kill him. Early that forenoon Wilson arrived at the Buchanan abode with a gun and Tom told him whose auto had killed his married woman. Late in the afternoon Gatsby decided to utilize his swimming pool, which is where he was found shooting to decease. Wilson was found dead in the forests nearby. In the following few yearss, Nick arranged the funeral. He called Daisy to state her what had happened, but she and Tom had left for a drawn-out holiday in Europe. He called all of the familiarities of Gatsby # 8217 ; s that he could believe of. In the terminal merely three people showed up on the showery twenty-four hours of the funeral. After the funeral, Nick was haunted by the events of the summer. He met with Jordan who informed him that she was engaged to another adult male, and he ran into Tom who explained what had happened to Daisy and himself. After all this Nick returned to his place in the West. What made Gatsby so great was what most people did non even know about him. His illustriousness came from the manner he had gone from being ungraded hapless to being one of the socially elect, and all for the love of one adult female. Gatsby wanted to believe that Daisy genuinely loved him, but unconsciously he knew how mercenary she was. He knew that the lone manner they could be together was if he was affluent, and the quickest manner to make that was illicitly. F. Scott Fitzgerald succeeded in chronicling the positions, beliefs, and actions of group of affluent persons in the 19 mid-twentiess. He was able to make this with in-depth characters, an appealing secret plan, and a good sense of what truly went on during that clip period.