Saturday, December 28, 2019

Was the Ice-Free Corridor an Early Route into Americas

The Ice-Free Corridor hypothesis (or IFC) has been a reasonable theory for how human colonization of the American continents occurred since at least the 1930s. The earliest mention of the possibility was arguably the 16th-century Spanish Jesuit scholar Fray Jose de Acosta who suggested that Native Americans must have walked across dry land from Asia. In 1840, Louis Agassiz put forward his theory that the continents had been covered by glacial ice at several points in our ancient history. After dates for the last time that occurred became available in the 20th century, archaeologists such as W.A. Johnson and Marie Wormington were actively seeking a way by which humans could possibly have entered North America from Asia when ice covered most of Canada. Essentially, these scholars suggested that Clovis culture hunters—then considered the earliest arrivals in North America—arrived by chasing after now-extinct large-bodied versions of elephant and buffalo following an open corridor between the ice slabs. The route of the corridor, since identified, crossed what is now the provinces of Alberta and eastern British Columbia, between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice masses. The Ice-Free Corridors existence and usefulness for human colonization are not questioned: but the latest theories about the timing of human colonization have seemingly ruled it out as the first pathway taken by people arriving from Beringea  and northeastern Siberia. Questioning the Ice-Free Corridor Map outlining the opening of the human migration routes in North America revealed by the results presented in this study.   Mikkel Winther Pedersen In the early 1980s, modern vertebrate paleontology and geology were applied to the question. Studies showed that various portions of the IFC were in fact blocked by ice from between 30,000 to at least 11,500 calendar years ago (cal BP): that would have been during and for a long while after the Last Glacial Maximum. Clovis sites in North America date to about 13,400–12,800 cal BP; so somehow Clovis had to arrive in North America using a different path. Further doubts about the corridor began to arise in the late 1980s when pre-Clovis sites—sites older than even 13,400 years (such as Monte Verde in Chile)—began to be supported by the archaeological community. Clearly, people who lived in far southern Chile 15,000 years ago could not have used the ice-free corridor to get there.   The oldest confirmed human occupation site known within the main route of the corridor is in northern British Columbia: Charlie Lake Cave (12,500 cal BP), where the recovery of both southern bison bone and Clovis-like projectile points suggest that these colonists arrived from the south, and not from the north. Clovis and the Ice Free Corridor Recent archaeological studies in eastern Beringia, as well as detailed mapping of the route of the Ice Free Corridor, have led researchers to recognize that a passable opening between the ice sheets did exist beginning circa 14,000 cal BP (ca. 12,000 RCYBP). The passable opening was likely only partially ice-free, so it is sometimes called the western interior corridor or deglaciation corridor in the scientific literature. While still too late to represent a passageway for pre-Clovis people, the Ice-Free Corridor may well have been the main route taken by Clovis hunter-gatherers moving from the Plains up into the Canadian shield. Recent scholarship seems to suggest that the Clovis big-game hunting strategy originated in the central Plains of what is today the United States and then followed bison and then reindeer northward. An alternative route for the first colonists has been proposed along the Pacific coast, which would have been ice-free and available for migration for pre-Clovis explorers in boats or along the shoreline.  The change of path is both affected by and affects our comprehension of the earliest colonists in the Americas: rather than Clovis big game hunters, the earliest Americans (pre-Clovis) are now thought to have used a broad variety of food sources, including hunting, gathering, and fishing. Some scholars such as American archaeologist Ben Potter and colleagues have pointed out, however, that hunters could well have followed ice margins and successfully crossed ice: the viability of the ICF is not ruled out. Bluefish Caves and its Implications This horse mandible from Bluefish Cave 2 shows a number of cut marks on the lingual surface. They show the animals tongue was cut out with a stone tool.   Università © de Montrà ©al All of the accepted archaeological sites that have been identified in the IFC are younger than 13,400 cal BP, which is the watershed period for Clovis hunters and gatherers. There is one exception: Bluefish Caves, located at the northern end, Canadas Yukon Territory near the border with Alaska. Bluefish Caves are three small karstic cavities which each have a thick layer of loess, and they were excavated between 1977 and 1987 by Canadian archaeologist Jacques Cinq-Mars. The loess contained stone tools and animal bones, an assemblage that is similar to Dyuktai culture in eastern Siberia which itself dates at least as early as16,000–15,000 cal BP. Reanalysis of the bone assemblage from the site by Canadian archaeologist Lauriane Bourgeon and colleagues included AMS radiocarbon dates on cut-marked bone samples. These results indicate that the sites earliest occupation dates to 24,000 cal BP (19,650 /- 130 RCYPB), making it the oldest known archaeological site in the Americas. The radiocarbon dates also support the Beringian standstill hypothesis. The Ice-Free Corridor would not have been open at this early date, suggesting that the first colonists from Beringia likely dispersed along the Pacific coastline. While the archaeological community is still somewhat divided about the reality and characterization of many archaeological sites that pre-date Clovis, Bluefish Caves is compelling support for a pre-Clovis entry into North America along the Pacific coast. Sources Bourgeon, Lauriane, Ariane Burke, and Thomas Higham. Earliest Human Presence in North America Dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: New Radiocarbon Dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada. PLOS ONE 12.1 (2017): e0169486. Print. Dawe, Robert J., and Marcel Kornfeld. Nunataks and Valley Glaciers: Over the Mountains and through the Ice. Quaternary International 444 (2017): 56-71. Print. Heintzman, Peter D., et al. Bison Phylogeography Constrains Dispersal and Viability of the Ice Free Corridor in Western Canada. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.29 (2016): 8057-63. Print. Llamas, Bastien, et al. Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Provides High-Resolution Time Scale of the Peopling of the Americas. Science Advances 2.4 (2016). Print. Pedersen, Mikkel W., et al. Postglacial Viability and Colonization in North America’s Ice-Free Corridor. Nature 537 (2016): 45. Print. Potter, Ben A., et al. Early Colonization of Beringia and Northern North America: Chronology, Routes, and Adaptive Strategies. Quaternary International 444 (2017): 36-55. Print. Smith, Heather L., and Ted Goebel. Origins and Spread of Fluted-Point Technology in the Canadian Ice-Free Corridor and Eastern Beringia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.16 (2018): 4116-21. Print. Waguespack, Nicole M. Why We’re Still Arguing About the Pleistocene Occupation of the Americas. Evolutionary Anthropology 16.63-74 (2007). Print.

Friday, December 20, 2019

Class Discussion 3 Example

Essays on Class Discussion 3 Coursework due: discussion 3 Many heroes must face the underworld. If descending into the underworld, or Hell, this is called a  katabasis. If confronting spirits through a sort of sà ©ance, as Odysseus does, this is called a  nekyia. While Odysseus has clear goals in his sà ©ance with the dead—to gain information from Tiresias--what is its purpose for the poem thematically? In other words, do you think that confronting the dead has any special significance to the plot beyond the obvious? Yes, confronting the dead in the poem has a special significance to the plot beyond the obvious. This is evident where the ghost of Agamemnon asked the ghost of Amphimedon to explain what happened to many fine young men who accompanied him to the underworld. The answer by the ghost of Amphimedon reveals that Ulysses had disappeared for a long time such that his wife had some suitors that were courting her. In addition, it is through the answer by the ghost that the intentions of Ulysses wife are k nown. She had no intention of getting married to any of the suitors courting her, but her aim was to destroy all of them. Another significance of confronting the dead is that it unravels the reason Penelope took four years to complete her needlework. The discussion between the two ghosts disclose that Penelope (Ulysses wife) played a trick on all suitors to avoid getting married. This is clear where the ghost of Amphimedon says that they caught her at night in the act of undoing her needlework that she had completed during the day. In addition, confronting the dead explained how Ulysses came back home. The ghost of Amphimedon explained that Ulysses returned to his home dressed in rags like a beggar so that no one could tell who he was. Furthermore, Amphimedon’s ghost talked of the test of stringing the bow that the suitors failed, but Ulysses succeeded. This signifies their weakness of fear while from the perspective of Ulysses it shows his bravery. Moreover, the ghost of Amphimedon recalled the attack in which they were killed and that their dead bodies were never recovered from Ulysses home. This is an indication of Ulysses power and authority. Finally, confronting the dead disclosed that women who remained chaste after their husband’s death were honored, and their husbands are considered blessed according to the period the poem was written. This is noticeable where the ghost of Agamemnon said that Ulysses is blessed to have Penelope, the daughter of Icarius as his wife. This signifies Ulysses dignity and integrity. â€Æ'Work citedDavis, Paul, Gary Harrison, David M. Johnson, and John F. Crawford. The Bedford Anthology of World Literature, Compact Edition, Volume 1: The Ancient, Medieval, and Early Modern World (Beginnings-1650). Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. 2000 Pages. Print.

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Information Systems free essay sample

Courses (Course ID, CourseName) b) For each of the tables you created, what are the candidate keys? There are Students Table and Courses Table. Students Table: Candidate keys include student ID, firstName and lastName. Courses Table: They candidate key is the Course ID and courseName. c) For each of the tables you created, what is the primary key? The primary key of Students Table is Student ID. The primary key of Courses Table is Course ID. d) Explain how the two tables are related. Which table contains the foreign key? What is the foreign key? The students and their course names make the tables related. The student ID correlates to the students last names and first names and the course ID. Therefore, this is the primary key. The course ID is the foreign key of the Course Table. 2) The Cape Codd Outdoor Sports database has the following tables: RETAIL_ORDER (OrderNumber, StoreNumber, StoreZip, OrderMonth, OrderYear, OrderTotal) ORDER_ITEM (OrderNumber, SKU, Quantity, Price, ExtendedPrice) SKU_DATA (SKU, SKU_Description, Department, Buyer) WAREHOUSE (WarehouseID, WarehouseCity, WarehouseState, Manager, Squarefeet) INVENTORY (WarehouseID, SKU, SKU_Description, QuantityOnHand, QuantityOnOrder) a) There is a flaw in the design of the INVENTORY table. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Explain what this design flaw is. There are 2 primary keys in the inventory table, which are the Warehouse ID and the SKU. They are primary key references for relationships to other tables. b) For each of the tables above, what is the primary key? Retail_Order: Order Number Order_Item: Order Number SKU_Data: SKU Warehouse: Warehouse ID Inventory: Warehouse ID and SKU c) Which tables contain foreign keys? What are the foreign keys? Order_Item table contains a foreign key and the foreign keys are the SKU attribute. 3) We know that if a table meets certain requirements, it is considered a relation. Give three examples of tables that are not relations. Explain why they are not relations. In a column, entries have to be the same kind or else the data would not be consistent. Every row must be different because 2 of the same kind would not be consistent. A table that has more than one identical column name would not be a relation because it is confusing to know where to place data into a table.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Gatsby One Of The Socially Elite Essay free essay sample

Gatsby, One Of The Socially Elite Essay, Research Paper Gatsby, One of the Socially Elite The novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald portrayed the positions, beliefs, and actions of the socially elect of nineteen-twenties America. Fitzgerald was non biased for or against the rich ; he merely chronicled the lives of his characters and how money and category separated people. The best illustration of this was life of the rubric character himself, Jay Gatsby. Asking heads want to cognize, # 8220 ; Who is Gatsby, and what makes him so great? # 8221 ; The novel begins with the debut of the storyteller, Nick Carraway. After contending in World War I, Nick left his outstanding household in the West to travel to West Egg near New York City to larn the bond concern. Despite the original program to populate with an associate, Nick ends up populating entirely following door to a sign of the zodiac in which Jay Gatsby resides. In the first of several documented assemblages, Nick spent the afternoon with Daisy, his distant cousin, Tom, her hubby, and Jordan Baker, a outstanding golf player. That was the first clip Nick heard about Gatsby and his excessive parties. The afternoon besides uncovered Daisy # 8217 ; s intuition of Tom # 8217 ; s infidelity. Her intuition was confirmed to Nick in the following chapter when he accompanied Tom to New York. Half manner through the train drive, they stopped at an car garage to talk to George Wilson about a auto Tom was supposed to sell him. When Wilson went to his office for a minute, his married woman, Myrtle appeared. Tom told her that he wanted to see her and to take the following train to New York. When Wilson reappeared, Myrtle announced that she was traveling to see her sister that afternoon. That flushing Nick, Tom, and Myrtle rendezvoused with others in the flat that Tom had purchased for them. It was during this clip that Nick was informed of the fact that neither Tom nor Myrtle could stand their partners. Every weekend, Nick # 8217 ; s neighbour, Gatsby, held excessive parties at his house. One forenoon, Gatsby # 8217 ; s pantryman came to Nick # 8217 ; s house and invited him to the party that flushing. It was there that Nick met up one time once more with Jordan and finally was introduced to the ill-famed Gatsby. Later in the dark Jordan and Gatsby disappeared for an hr after which Nick said adieu to Jordan and Gatsby and went place. One forenoon in July, Gatsby went to Nick # 8217 ; s house and proclaimed that the two were traveling to the metropolis for tiffin. During the long drive at that place Gatsby told Nick the narrative of his life, which Nick subsequently discovered to be wholly false. He so told Nick that he was traveling to do a big petition of him, but that he could non inquire him himself and Jordan was traveling to state him subsequently that twenty-four hours when they went out to tea. When the two work forces arrived in New York City, they had tiffin with Meyer Wolfsheim, the # 8220 ; adult male who fixed the World Series in 1919. # 8221 ; When they were go forthing Nick recognized Tom and introduced Gatsby and Tom to each other. Before the three could get down speaking, Gatsby had left. At tea with Jordan, Nick learned the whole narrative about Daisy and Gatsby, and how they fell in love, but so Gatsby had to go forth for the war. Daisy had married Tom, believing that Gatsby would neer return. It was besides no happenstance that Gatsby lived so close to Daisy ; he had bought that house so that he could be merely across the bay from Daisy. It was at that point that Nick was informed of the favour he was to execute. Gatsby wanted Jordan to inquire Nick if he could ask for Daisy over for tea so that Gatsby could # 8220 ; pop in. # 8221 ; Nick arranged the tea, stating Daisy specifically non to convey Tom. At first there was nil but awkward intermissions between the twosome, but after much goad from Nick, Gatsby and Daisy beg an to talk. Then Gatsby suggested that the three of them go look at his house. It was there that Nick left the twosome wholly engrossed in one another. After that Nick did non see much of Gatsby for several hebdomads. That is until the party that both Daisy and her hubby attended. When Nick eventually met up with Gatsby at the terminal of the dark, Gatsby was depressed because Daisy did non bask herself. Nick suggested that possibly it was non possible for Gatsby to reiterate the past with Daisy, a impression that Gatsby rapidly rejected. At Daisy # 8217 ; s request, Nick was invited to her house for tea with Jordan and Gatsby. Tom was in and out of the salon replying phone calls and acquiring drinks. After much tenseness, the group decided to travel into New York. Daisy and Gatsby rode in Tom # 8217 ; s auto and Tom, Jordan and Nick rode in Gatsby # 8217 ; s auto. Tom had to halt for gas at Wilson # 8217 ; s garage where Wilson informed Tom that he was taking his married woman out West because he had late discovered that she was holding an matter. Tom rapidly left and caught up with Gatsby and Daisy. The group eventually decided to run into at the Plaza Hotel and lease a room for the afternoon. Tension began to mount when Tom began to inquire Gatsby inquiries about his yesteryear. During the verbal assault, Gatsby burst out that Daisy had neer loved Tom and forced Daisy to acknowledge the same. She reluctantly obeyed, but so took it back. It was so that Daisy told Tom that she was go forthing him. At that point G atsby and Daisy left the metropolis in Gatsby # 8217 ; s auto. Daisy drove on the manner place. As she passed Wilson # 8217 ; s garage, Myrtle ran out in forepart of the auto because she thought Tom was coming to take her off. The auto hit her and killed her immediately. Daisy kept traveling and she and Gatsby took the auto to Gatsby # 8217 ; s house and called a cab to take them to her house. Tom, Jordan, and Nick passed the scene subsequently and discovered what had happened. Tom instantly blamed Gatsby for killing Myrtle. The following forenoon, Nick went over to Gatsby # 8217 ; s house and they sat around for a piece. After they had finished breakfast, Nick had to go forth to catch his train for work. He left Gatsby at place entirely, that is until Wilson showed up to kill him. Early that forenoon Wilson arrived at the Buchanan abode with a gun and Tom told him whose auto had killed his married woman. Late in the afternoon Gatsby decided to utilize his swimming pool, which is where he was found shooting to decease. Wilson was found dead in the forests nearby. In the following few yearss, Nick arranged the funeral. He called Daisy to state her what had happened, but she and Tom had left for a drawn-out holiday in Europe. He called all of the familiarities of Gatsby # 8217 ; s that he could believe of. In the terminal merely three people showed up on the showery twenty-four hours of the funeral. After the funeral, Nick was haunted by the events of the summer. He met with Jordan who informed him that she was engaged to another adult male, and he ran into Tom who explained what had happened to Daisy and himself. After all this Nick returned to his place in the West. What made Gatsby so great was what most people did non even know about him. His illustriousness came from the manner he had gone from being ungraded hapless to being one of the socially elect, and all for the love of one adult female. Gatsby wanted to believe that Daisy genuinely loved him, but unconsciously he knew how mercenary she was. He knew that the lone manner they could be together was if he was affluent, and the quickest manner to make that was illicitly. F. Scott Fitzgerald succeeded in chronicling the positions, beliefs, and actions of group of affluent persons in the 19 mid-twentiess. He was able to make this with in-depth characters, an appealing secret plan, and a good sense of what truly went on during that clip period.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Expectations During Exile And After Essays -

Expectations During Exile And After In 586 B.C.E. the neo-Babylonian armies of Nebuchadnezzar raided and destroyed the city of Jerusalem, forcing its people to flee. The majority of the Judean leaders and aristocracy were relocated in Babylon, and lived in relative isolation from even their captors. The Exile robbed them of their wealth, their homes, their nation, and even their king; religion offered the only seed of identity for this uprooted people. So it was during this time of Exile that a flourishing of religious texts were written and compiled, in an attempt to explain the causes of their misfortune, and enable the people to comprehend their suffering (Meyers, Haggai xxxviii). In general, the Psalter reflects the true emotions of the ancient Israelites, more so than do most Biblical texts, as it is a compilation of their ?troubles and fears, their hopes, aspirations, and reasons for confidence.? (Metzger and Murphy 674 OT) In Psalm 137, an Exilic text, a wide range of emotions are shown: longing and mourning for their lost nation (Ps 137:1-3), the sadness and confusion they felt while in the foreign land (Ps 137:4-6), and even the desire for a violent revenge (Ps 137:7-9). The same range of emotions can be seen in Second Isaiah, though this work was written ?immediately before the fall of Babylon (October 29, 539B.C.E.)? and displays more of the Judeans thoughts on their future. It is a compilation of passages of hope, promises of God to fulfill His covenant, and threats of violence for the unbelievers. The majority of the Exilic and Post-Exilic texts call for a bloody and merciless revenge on their captors, and it would be easy to assign this outlook for all of the Jewish people of the time. Upon close inspection however, it becomes apparent that not all Jews cared about a bloody justice, and that some just wanted to go home and be done with it. Both of these views, (both bloody and not), are found in Isaiah 42 and the proximity of the conflicting persuasions highlight their differences. In Isaiah 42:3, a pacifistic, reserved justice is called for; ?a bruised reed he will not break, and a dimly burning wick he will not quench: he will faithfully bring forth justice.? Yet in just a few stanzas later, there is a call for blood. ?The Lord goes forth like a soldier, like a warrior he stirs up his fury; he cries out, he shouts aloud, he shows himself mighty against his foes.? (Isaiah 42:13) By comparing these two quotes, it becomes readily apparent that the idea that all Judeans wanted a violent revenge must be thrown out. While in Exile, the Jewish people held many expectations of their future, not all of which agreed with one another, nor were fulfilled. Returning to the Promised Land was the main focus of Exile, and it evolved into a paradise of sorts, where everything would be perfect. There are visions of God blessing the people restored in their land, and their work being more than fruitful throughout the Exilic texts. ?For I will pour water on the thirsty land, and streams on the dry ground; I will pour my spirit upon your descendants, and my blessing on your offspring.? (Isaiah 43:3) Haggai, a text written after Cyrus' overthrow of the Babylonians, depicts a much different scene than the one envisioned in Isaiah. (Metzger and Murphy 1217 OT) ?Therefore the heavens above you have withheld dew, and the earth has withheld its produce. And I have called for a drought on the land and the hills, on the grain, the new wine, the oil, on what the soil produced, on human beings and animals, and on all th eir labors.? (Hag 1:10-11) This quote describes a state of affairs far different than what the Israelite people imagined their future to be. The Jewish people, besides depicting a skewed view of their future, also disagreed on how that future should be run. While in Exile they were not allowed to have a king for obvious reasons, and due to this power vacuum, the priest was raised in status (Meyers and Meyers, Zechariah 169). Despite the fact that Haggai and Zechariah were contemporaries, and even cohorts, they did not agree

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Empowering The Leadership Of Women In Marketing With Jodi Duncan

Empowering The Leadership Of Women In Marketing With Jodi Duncan Which mentors and managers helped shape and influence you the most through the years? Who made you a better person and marketing professional? Are most of them smart, talented women? According to the Association of National Advertisers, 67% of the marketing industry is female. Today, my guest is Jodi Duncan, president of Flint Group. We discuss the current climate and ecosystem for women in marketing and business. What are some of the current challenges and opportunities that women face? Marketing agency trends and adapting to them biggest challenge is the digital movement; expectations and pressure related to measuring ROI and spending How to evaluate, identify, and implement tools and technologies for clients; don’t overlook the client’s objective and what they’re trying to do Creating content and related messages, then effectively communicating content through multiple channels that have different parameters Challenges of creating authentic content experiences; voice should match brand Flint’s best strategies to do high-quality work for clients and be a place where people want to work; communication is critical Progress needs to be made regarding concept of women in leadership and business; Women in Business blog series shares lessons and accomplishments Are you a good b*tch, or a bad b*tch? Women don’t always support each other; difficult for women to get leadership position and not be branded a bitch Show support and make an impact via direct conversations to address issues Men just need to ask women to participate, include them, and offer opportunities to express their opinions Women entering the workforce need to pay attention, watch, learn, ask questions, and speak up Links: Flint Group Women in Business Blog Series by Jodi Duncan A Diversity Report for the Advertising/Marketing Industry - And A Call to Action Skype Sheryl Sandberg Write a review on iTunes and send a screenshot of it to receive a cool swag bag! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Jodi Duncan: â€Å"The biggest challengeis the whole digital movement.† â€Å"Content is just a whole other animal. Not only what content you want to get out there and what the messages are, but how do you effectively communicate that content.† â€Å"It’s sort of a battle to get into those leadership positions when the biggest naysayers are other women that you work with. They’re not necessarily your best cheerleaders.†

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Oaxaca Arts Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oaxaca Arts Analysis - Term Paper Example The Oaxacan art identifies itself with the mountainous region in southern Mexico. Art was made, in the form of ceramics, carvings from wood and in textiles. Examples of some of the iconic pieces include Frida, Kahlo and the famous Zapotec themes. Mexican art is related to their cultural functions. The art is also themed according famous days in the Mexican calendar, for example, the day of the dead and other important days, since in Mexico art goes correlates with culture (Giordano, 1994). Ceramics Ceramic art is an integral part of the Oaxacan Art. The region has a type of clay that is black in color. This is the reason why the ceramics in Oaxacan Art are black in color. The color of the clay made the ceramic the perfect canvas for an artist to use their imaginations on since the color makes it possible for the use of a wide range of colors on the ceramics. The distinguishing feature of Oaxaca art is the black pottery painted with vibrant colors. The ceramics included pottery and ce ramic figurines. Another form of pottery that was common was green pottery, which was created by glazing. The final product was pottery with a glaze that was green. This is an illustration of Spanish persuasion in Oaxacan art since the Spanish settlers favored this method. The green poetry was commonly used for cooking and as utensils. The figurines created by ceramics included figures of the Virgin Mary, Frida, Kahlo. Figurines were also created for celebrations like the Day of the Dead and Zapotec (Ward, E. S., Ward, W. E., and Cleveland Institute of Art, 1986). Woodcarvings Oaxacan art is also renowned for its woodcarvings. These carvings are known as Alebrijes a term coined by a great Oaxacan artist Pedro Linares to describe his work that involved Paper Mache art. In the Oaxacan carvings, the trees commonly used by artists include the cider tree and an indigenous tree the Tzompantli but the favorite wood for the artists is the Copalillo wood. The carvings are usually carved into animal figures and shapes.  Ã‚  

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Coca Cola's branding strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coca Cola's branding strategy - Essay Example For example, when the company decided to change the taste of its prime product Coke in the 1980's the result was vigorously unfavorable and the company authorities had to dump the plan. The term 'branding strategy' deals with the variables that formulate and execute the probable public perception about the brand or brands of a company. The future success of the company depends on this branding strategy. When a company like Coca Cola is taken into consideration it could be safely stated that their impetus on branding strategy has remained successful throughout the century with ground breaking success notes. While selecting the branding strategy by the officials it is always kept in mind that the direct marketing is at its optimum level and the supply chain and distribution system is always at its most advantageous position. In addition, there is always the potential to innovate new sister brands corresponding the local taste and priorities. For example, Coca Cola can boast on having over 500 flavors in its booty. Furthermore, there was bottled water branded under the equity that really took the market by storm in 2000. There are about four core brands operating under the over head of Coca Cola.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Bank Product Profitability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Bank Product Profitability - Essay Example There are so many countries in which the development is very low. That is all due to the lack or resources and lack of financial approaches, the financial institutions for every country needs high investment all these markets are the part of macro economics studies in which the markets of different kinds can be brought together to set the overall structure of the economy. These markets in every country serve as the full adjustment of economic variables within them and are responsible for the growth of the country. In many of the economies, financial markets are those places at which the people can easily buy and sell the securities of different types. These markets are associated with the financial assets and these assets are the financial securities that they buy and sell in the market. The assets which come under the category of the financial assets are the financial securities such as the stocks of various types and bonds with different maturities and the commodities at low costs. These markets are called the efficient market where the buying and selling of different types of securities takes place. These financial markets serve various functions in all the countries of the world and are doing g efforts to attain the liquidity at high levels. In these financial markets it is easy to buy and sell for the people because they offer the large number of buyers and the large number of sellers for selling of the securities. The major objective of the creation of these financial markets is the creation of the good use of savings in the betterment of the economic growth of the country because if the economy does not use the good methods for adjustment of savings the growth of that economy will be low. Thus for their growth of any economy the healthy growth of the financia l markets us necessary. (Andrade, Gegor, Mitchell, Stafford, 103-120, 2001) "Financial markets, institutions and instruments bridge the gap between the academic and professional finance communities. With contributions from leading academics, as well as practitioners from organizations such as the SEC and the Federal Reserve, the journal is equally relevant to both groups. Each issue is devoted to a single topic, which is examined in depth, and a special fifth issue is published annually highlighting the most significant developments in money and banking, derivative securities, corporate finance, and fixed-income securities". (Athanasoglou, Brissimis, Delis, n.p., 2005) These financial markets have three basic types of functions these are the first function which is associated with these financial markets is the raising of capital in the capital markets, the capital markets are the securities markets and their functions are conducted by the government and different private companies. They raised the funds there and these are associated with the long term securities and they are the stock markets and the bonds market with long term maturities. These capital markets are further divided in to two more markets which are called the primary markets

Friday, November 15, 2019

Post Modernism And Globalization Cultural Studies Essay

Post Modernism And Globalization Cultural Studies Essay Postmodernism is a very key word in our times; its not just another buzz word. Postmodernism conditions our thoughts as well as our politics, it conditions our art as well as our architecture, it conditions our frames of entertainment, and it conditions and shapes our economic, social, and cultural activities. In this post modern world, all that we do is expected to be in line with the current dictates of postmodernism. We can watch postmodernism, hear it, feel it, experience it, read it, be awe- struck by its activities, shop in its precincts live and even breathe it. Its certain that slowly but surely that postmodernism is taking over the control of the world and its inhabitants; in fact postmodernism has taken over our being, and inculcated its traits into our system, where its yet, its hurriedly taking that direction. Postmodernism transcends modernity and traditions which includes culture and identity. Globalization is a notion of postmodernism and dictates channel without allow ing for a position of different opinion (FAV, 2000). David Harvey, while looking at the condition of post modernity, explained how the extraction of the surplus profits since the inception of post modernism from the productivity of multinational companies as well as the completion between them as opposed to territorial natural differences. He pointed out that now territories are forced to compete amongst themselves so as to attract transnational capital investment. He argues that cities region and/ or organizations are required to make themselves attractive if they have to attract into their territories the manufacturers, tourists, services or convections which given their nature of mobility can potentially be placed at any position in the globe. The strategies of differentiation of spaces are defined by Harvey as active Production of Places having some special qualities. This production fabricates the characteristics making a place idiosyncratic and peculiar which is a very significant in drawing investors to a city (Harvey, 1992). The issue of constructing and selling a citys or regions image has become vital in the new urban politics and the current market strategies in most of the post-industrial regions and cities. The characterization of Herveys development of city marketing and/ or place making that is often accompanied by a change to postmodern styles of urban design and architecture as novel urban entrepreneurialism. Harvey argues that the active production of places with special qualities becomes an important stake in spatial competition between localities, regions and nations (Harvey, 1989, p. 295). At this point its good to mention that the consequences on the population (city, region dwellers) remain somewhat unclear. The effects of identity formation and the changes associated with the marketing strategies remain unclear. The question of whether they will alienate some parts via social and cultural strategies or integrate the population is also not clear. The issue of the identity that would be found most suitable for the entire city or region is hard to decipher. The question of the segment of the population that is represented is also found to be hard to answer. The redefinition of a citys identity may keep taking place as more postmodernism and globalization continues to take place (Heidenreich, n.d). Case Study: Batam The citizens of Indonesia perceive Batam Island as aheaven of opportunities. Its one of the three thousand islands making up the Riau Archipelago. This island has a rapid growing population. The island over the last few years has been experiencing development into a major tourist and industrial area attracting many investors and business people from the other Indonesian islands. The area has changed from the traditionally fishing community to the current business status. The history of this island took a new direction from 1969 when it was made the support base PERTAMINA Oil Company (State owned) In 197, the region was declared as an industrial area through a prudential decree and after four years Batam authority was formulated. All this changes took place as a result of industrialization and globalization (Good Hyde, 2008). The growth of Batam Island led to many changes in the initial cultural and economic life, consequently the identity of the region and of the individuals. The transformation of Singapore resulted to a profound change on Batam Island. The island was just a mare fisherman and coconut growers land by 1960, with very few people knowing anything about it; by then it had only three thousand fishermen and farmers. There was an immense growth with a population of about 700, 000 by year 2005. Its believed that many of the immigrants had been lured by rumors of a booming economy in the island. The culture of the residents have completely changes with very little farming and fishing taking place, to day the islanders are associated with golf courses, gated community coexistence, marinas, karaoke bars, squatter communities, brothels and prostitution business because of the booming hotels and tourism industry. The island is also renown today for its Batam/Riau entertainments Web site that is known for its fantasy, all this changes are as a result of postmodernism and globalization impact in the society (Good Hyde, 2008, p. 223). The culture of the working class has also fallen victim of active production of places that aims at making Batam island an investment land. The working-class has been increasingly marginalized in this new culture and economy. Most of Indonesian men lead conspicuous consumption lifestyles, with the availability of drugs and sex at lowered prices depending on an individuals economic power. On the other hand the women labor for the rapidly increasing middle class, catering for the desires of Singapore men. Its has been observed that gender roles and identities have changed with the changes in this island, women are found to be managing well in the formal as well as informal roles as opposed to years back prior to the newly developed active production of places (Good Hyde, 2008). Manila in Philippines: The city of Manila has a unique position in the countys political geography. The city has over the years defied the law common to governance of the other cities forcing the administration to formulate special laws as well as government systems from the 16th century during the Spanish rule. Its a metropolitan city. The establishment of the city was for merchants and trade center between the Chinese and South East Asian merchants. The colonialism of the Chinese living here by the Spanish forcing them to pay tax and denying them free trade led to a number of conflicts between the Chinese and the Spanish (Chacko, 2004). Globalization and postmodernism did not bypass Manila city residents in the endeavor to make all the cities productive and attract investors from without. Creative destruction argues that if evolution is to take place, new ways of doing things must emerge and be proven superior to the old systems. Globalization of any city or region is reflected through variety of hotels, restaurants, clothing worn, and language spoken among many other traits. The city architecture is also a clear depiction of globalization effect within a region. The city has over the years made efforts to embrace the new economy while struggling to maintain her traditional and cultural traits. The sky scrappers within the city that stand parallel to traditional building are a clear reflection of the struggle. There are some citizens who have refused to sacrifice their cultures for economic prosperity while others argue that the cost is worth it. This has led to many of the citizens adopting the contemporary approac hes to accommodate the development and to attract more investors into the city while there are some few communities and individuals who continue to uphold to old traditions, identities and cultures (Chacko, 2004). In the endeavor to provide a better environment that will attract more investors, the cities and regions authorities have formulated policies that are meant to protect the immigrants and to enable them to be uttermost productive. There are new concepts that are been adopted by countries and cities that will facilitate human rights of the labor force so as to avoid their being treated as tradable commodities. Many of the states have institutionalized the human rights via the United Nations Human Rights Charter. This has led to doing away with some traditional cultures that violate such rights, consequently altering cultures of some people. Some of the issues that the people in the international bodies that are established takes care of is like trafficking, gender violation, protection of children rights among other major factors that affect the immigrant labor force (Piper, n.d.). The protection of human rights have shifted from the local bodies to the international human rights bodies such as the United Nations, International labor Organizations, KFSB, CATW, GAAT just to mention but a few. All these bodies have policies that they inculcate in their member countries that force the governments of those nations to adopt them renouncing any local policy that contradicts those policies. For example, there were some nations where traditional commercial sex was permitted as a right of a right of a woman to sell her body as any other product that she may be taking to the market place. Such rights contradict with the policies of STV which is a foundation of women against trafficking. The implication of any nation accepting STV is that some of the rights that can create loopholes opening women to violation have to be withdrawn, whether traditionally acceptable or not (Piper, n.d.). Conclusion Postmodernism has become an inseparable component of the contemporary world. Everything is done in line with the demand of the postmodern world. Postmodernism has brought about the concept of globalization with every region adopting it as a means of keeping at par with development. Cities, regions and nations have over the years been changing in the endeavor to attract investors, for their growth. The changes as shown in the two case studies: Batam city and Manila the capita city of Philippines have led to changes in some traditional cultures and traditions. In todays world all the systems have become global in an attempt to attract more investors consequently changing their cultures and traditions to accommodate the international investment-climate.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Computer Hackers: The Whos, Whats, Whens, Wheres, Whys and Hows. :: Essays Papers

Computer Hackers: The Who's, What's, When's, Where's, Why's and How's. After coming home from a long day at school, I turn on my computer and go to the Internet to see "What's New!" Then all of a sudden I hear, "You've Got Mail!" I check my e-mail and it's a message from my friend in Alabama. It is warning me about a computer virus that is being spread, and that I should watch out. Thank goodness someone warned me about this. I said to myself, "This kind of stuff must be the work of those hackers that I hear so much about." But what exactly is a hacker, and what are they out to do? Hackers are people who are getting into our computer systems, destroying our personal property and stealing our information. Years ago, a hacker was a person who was capable of creating elegant and or unusual uses of technology. These days, a hacker refers to a person who attempts to penetrate security systems on remote computers (Hackers 2). Not only are computer hackers causing many problems for businesses, they are also causing many problems for the average person. Hackers get in personal information and get a hold of credit card numbers, various banking accounts and financial information, and just about anything else they want to know about you. They are going to get it whether you like it or not. Hacking, with the intent to steal or deface, is so feared in the corporate world that companies have spent $1.8 billion this year alone on computer network security products and services (Home Hackers 1). Cracking of home computers has been rare, but it is always a growing concern. Any machine connected to the Internet is potentially vulnerable, but the best targets are those with high-speed, "always on" connectors, such as cable modems or digital subscriber lines. Systems with high-speed connections are typically targeted because they are the simplest to track down. People have to realize that hacking is not a prank or a game, especially when hackers are hitting such spots as the White House site, the FBI site and the Senate site. The fines and jail time for these hackers are not very funny either. Arrests are being made and punishments can be up to life in prison and thousands, and in some cases millions of dollars in fines. When you think of hackers, you probably think of someone who is a little older, someone who's profession is working with computers.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Reality Shows

Does anyone remember when he or she starts to become so thirsty for what those ordinary people do In grocery stores or why they cheat on their lovers? Our curiosities turn Into the most powerful Incentive of TV producers to keep contriving such shows In order to fulfill the voyeurs who sit lazily on the couch In front of television everyday. We look Into three fundamental principles of reality programs to analyze the relationship between viewers and reality shows: why reality shows are so appealing to American, how those shows affect both on mentalities of ewers and in the society, and what's the purpose for reality shows to exist nowadays.Exciting and unusual things can easily capture our attentions, especially something that barely happens in our daily lives but occurs every episode in reality shows, that's why reality shows become so appealing to the audience. The audience is picky nowadays, and the TV producers knew it intelligently from the beginning. Not only need to create an impeccable content of the show, more importantly, the show must be accompanied by some dramatic and intense storyline to cater to audience's reference.Furthermore, the fad that people chat with coworkers in their break time in the office about the reality show and scorn the artificial plot that they watched last night has become a pastime of work. Even though most of the time we can tell lucidly that those exaggerated plots in the show are premeditated, we seem to enjoy indefatigably anticipating the foreseen disasters from the show. For example, American Next Top Model, a popular fashion competition show in America. The main conception of this show is to explore a super model after several deferent intentions and challenges.If you think that's all about the show, you are totally wrong. The reason why the show becomes so alluring from 2003 is because people enjoy watching the lives in the luxurious dormitory of competitors In the show, and they usually form groups in the dorm and al ways argue with each other. The show used to be Just exploring female models, but these two seasons started to Include male models. Undoubtedly, as long as the show Involves males and females, It always contains the sexual relationship which appealing to audience.TV viewers need omitting that can thrill them In front of television as well as color their lives, and such stagy dramas exactly give them what they want. Nowadays, the unreal reality shows are more rampant than before, and the twisted thoughts, which convey through the shows that we watch everyday, have imperceptibly influenced our interpretations toward the reality in our minds and in Greener to explain how the reality shows affect viewers in different groups. For the most interesting part is how Waters analyzes that most of the occupations that we see in the reality shows are entertainers, athletes, and businessmen.A mere 6 to 10 percent of television characters hold blue-collar or service Job vs.. About 60 percent in th e real work force† (Water 139), we can see the imbalance between the shows and the reality that will cause the misleading notion for teenagers before having Jobs. One of the noteworthy reality show, Keeping Up with the Sardinian, most of the stars in this show are famous entertainers and live a affluence life, but they still keep complaining about some trivial things. Every episode focuses on each of their daily lives, their parties, weddings, shopping, and working.Those extravagant expenses on everything gradually twist the value of viewers, making those young people to think about that being an entertainer can easily make lots of money and own a life like the Sardinian. Just like what Waters states, muff almost never see the farmer, the factory worker, or the small businessman† (Waters 140). The misleading thoughts from the reality shows barely give the truth of the real world that we have to face, and those thoughts especially root in adolescents' minds.The reality sh ows is indispensable for the mass media nowadays since we canto eve without them anymore, and we also can barely avoid them when we turn on the TV. Reality shows seem to conform to every type of TV programs include adventure shows, celebrity shows, competition shows, and hidden camera shows etc. We find ourselves deeply addicted to season after season of reality shows, and TV producers make our dreams come true. The reality show isn't Just a pure entertainment in our free time, but become a habit in our lives. More dramatic plots are premeditated for the audience, the higher rating the show will get from the viewers. Reality Shows Does anyone remember when he or she starts to become so thirsty for what those ordinary people do In grocery stores or why they cheat on their lovers? Our curiosities turn Into the most powerful Incentive of TV producers to keep contriving such shows In order to fulfill the voyeurs who sit lazily on the couch In front of television everyday. We look Into three fundamental principles of reality programs to analyze the relationship between viewers and reality shows: why reality shows are so appealing to American, how those shows affect both on mentalities of ewers and in the society, and what's the purpose for reality shows to exist nowadays.Exciting and unusual things can easily capture our attentions, especially something that barely happens in our daily lives but occurs every episode in reality shows, that's why reality shows become so appealing to the audience. The audience is picky nowadays, and the TV producers knew it intelligently from the beginning. Not only need to create an impeccable content of the show, more importantly, the show must be accompanied by some dramatic and intense storyline to cater to audience's reference.Furthermore, the fad that people chat with coworkers in their break time in the office about the reality show and scorn the artificial plot that they watched last night has become a pastime of work. Even though most of the time we can tell lucidly that those exaggerated plots in the show are premeditated, we seem to enjoy indefatigably anticipating the foreseen disasters from the show. For example, American Next Top Model, a popular fashion competition show in America. The main conception of this show is to explore a super model after several deferent intentions and challenges.If you think that's all about the show, you are totally wrong. The reason why the show becomes so alluring from 2003 is because people enjoy watching the lives in the luxurious dormitory of competitors In the show, and they usually form groups in the dorm and al ways argue with each other. The show used to be Just exploring female models, but these two seasons started to Include male models. Undoubtedly, as long as the show Involves males and females, It always contains the sexual relationship which appealing to audience.TV viewers need omitting that can thrill them In front of television as well as color their lives, and such stagy dramas exactly give them what they want. Nowadays, the unreal reality shows are more rampant than before, and the twisted thoughts, which convey through the shows that we watch everyday, have imperceptibly influenced our interpretations toward the reality in our minds and in Greener to explain how the reality shows affect viewers in different groups. For the most interesting part is how Waters analyzes that most of the occupations that we see in the reality shows are entertainers, athletes, and businessmen.A mere 6 to 10 percent of television characters hold blue-collar or service Job vs.. About 60 percent in th e real work force† (Water 139), we can see the imbalance between the shows and the reality that will cause the misleading notion for teenagers before having Jobs. One of the noteworthy reality show, Keeping Up with the Sardinian, most of the stars in this show are famous entertainers and live a affluence life, but they still keep complaining about some trivial things. Every episode focuses on each of their daily lives, their parties, weddings, shopping, and working.Those extravagant expenses on everything gradually twist the value of viewers, making those young people to think about that being an entertainer can easily make lots of money and own a life like the Sardinian. Just like what Waters states, muff almost never see the farmer, the factory worker, or the small businessman† (Waters 140). The misleading thoughts from the reality shows barely give the truth of the real world that we have to face, and those thoughts especially root in adolescents' minds.The reality sh ows is indispensable for the mass media nowadays since we canto eve without them anymore, and we also can barely avoid them when we turn on the TV. Reality shows seem to conform to every type of TV programs include adventure shows, celebrity shows, competition shows, and hidden camera shows etc. We find ourselves deeply addicted to season after season of reality shows, and TV producers make our dreams come true. The reality show isn't Just a pure entertainment in our free time, but become a habit in our lives. More dramatic plots are premeditated for the audience, the higher rating the show will get from the viewers.

Friday, November 8, 2019

The Millers Tale Essays

The Millers Tale Essays The Millers Tale Essay The Millers Tale Essay Firstly we the audience have to understand that Chaucer is both the writer of the tale but also a member of the pilgrimage who is relaying the stories told to him on the journey. Pilgrimage was popular at the time, a long journey taken to a Holy place in order to cleanse you from sins. I think The first Step is Admitting your an Alcoholic says: Chaucer may have written them partly to amuse us but also as a way of displaying his critical views of the church at the time. The Miller, a bawdy man, tells the Millers Tale and is apparently drunk at the time. He is told thou art a fool not possibly able to tell a tale in such a state but he does. The tale is about a carpenter who is made a cokewold of fool of by his wife which annoys a fellow pilgrim the Reeve as he was once a carpenter and believes the tale to be poking fun at him. However the Miller tells his audience not to take offence or judge what he says for he means no harm by it. It is meant to be a joke and if he misspeke or seye anything bad, they should blame it on the Southwerk ale. This could be a clear indication to us that Chaucer intends himself for this tale to be a joke and wishes to amuse us. The reason it could be considered a moral tale is because some of its characters pay for their actions later in the play. The main characters are John the carpenter, his wife Alison and Nicholas an oxford scholar who is staying in Johns home. John is quite an old man and has been criticised for marrying a young beautiful woman who he t There is no real moral dilemma in this itself because it is considered socially acceptable for a man to marry a younger woman but it does cause problems later. Perhaps Johns punishment for being jealous is his wife committing adultery although I am not sure about this, as John does not finds this out. His jealousy added to the excitement and danger of Alison and Nicholas trying to fool him. Nicholas is also known as hende Nicholas. The word hende has a double meaning here. It means that he is courteous and debonair and also skilful as we see when he delivers an elaborate story to fool John into following his commands. It is also intends to suggest he is handy or good with his hands. This adds to the comical value of the play for the audience when he used his hands to grab at Alison. This is where we can again look at whether the millers tale is a moral one. Another man interested in Alison is Absalon. He comes to her window one night when she and Nicholas are in bed together, trying to court her. He a more chivalrous approach in love calling her faire brid, my sweet cinamone then bends to his knees to beg for a kiss. Cruelly Alison sticks her bottom out of the window and Absalon with his mouth he kiste her naked ers. This act of cruelty from Alison does not get punished during the play and is a clear argument against it being a moral tale. However another way it can be seen as is Absalons scourge for chasing a married woman.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Free Essays on “I’m Your Horse In The Night”

to Beto, as if she were over him, and no longer going to fantasize. â€Å"Beto, you know now, if it’s true that they killed you, or wherever you may be. Beto, I’m your horse in the night and you can inhabit me whenever you wish, even if I’m behind bars. Beto, now that I’m in jail I know that I dreamed you that night; it... Free Essays on â€Å"I’m Your Horse In The Night† Free Essays on â€Å"I’m Your Horse In The Night† Luisa Valenzuela’s, â€Å"I’m Your Horse In the Night†, is a short story that can be interpreted in many different ways. Many questions arose in my mind while reading this story, like, was her fantasy a dream or was it a reality? Luisa Valenzuela wrote this short story in such a way that the reader must think deeply about what is being said. The woman referred to as Chiquita heard the doorbell. It rang in such a way that she knew it was the man referred to as Beto. They embraced and remained silent. Chiquita remembered him always being silent, never one to express his feelings in words. Questions enter her mind about his whereabouts in Argentina. She hadn’t heard from him in months. She did not know if he was alive, or whether he had been captured, or was in hiding. With him he brought a bottle of cachaca, an alcoholic beverage, and a Gal Costa record. Chiquita and Beto begin listening to the music and slowly drink the alcohol. No words were said; just sweet caressing and deep looks into each other’s eyes. They begin to make love while the music sings, â€Å"I’m your horse in the night†. Chiquita awoke to a phone call claiming that Beto was dead. Realizing that Beto must have left while she was sleeping, she said it could not have been him. The caller hung up and shortly after the police arrive. Demanding to know where Beto was the police ransack the house. While watching her life unfold before her, Chiquita realized that they wouldn’t find anything for it was only a dream, and they couldn’t take that away. The story concluded with a short paragraph. Chiquita saying her last words to Beto, as if she were over him, and no longer going to fantasize. â€Å"Beto, you know now, if it’s true that they killed you, or wherever you may be. Beto, I’m your horse in the night and you can inhabit me whenever you wish, even if I’m behind bars. Beto, now that I’m in jail I know that I dreamed you that night; it...

Monday, November 4, 2019

The role of culture learning and teaching in foeign language education Literature review

The role of culture learning and teaching in foeign language education - Literature review Example des about the target culture and target language and the motivation of new learners to become integrative learners of the language, and how positive attitudes towards the target culture help these new learners overcome anxiety about learning the language. The final section is a conclusion, in which the concepts that are put forth are put into context in the situation at hand. 2.2 The Role of Culture in Foreign Language Education According to Pica (1994), there is a question as to how necessary cultural integration is to learning a foreign language, and that this is question that troubles foreign language teachers, whether the foreign language teacher is teaching students that are far removed from the target language or is teaching in an area where the students have a chance to be immersed in the language (Pica, 1994). There are two camps when it comes to teaching foreign languages - one camp believes that foreign language teaching should emphasize only communication competence, while the other camp believes that foreign language teaching should incorporate the culture of the target language, which would include the literature of the target language (Shanahan, 1997, p. 164). The first camp is only concerned with semantics – for them, learning a language is nothing but drills, and language is nothing but rules, strings of sentences, and prepositions (Thanasoulas, 2001). The learner must see morphological or syntactical pattern, practice it and learn it without regard to culture or context (Waltz, 1989, p. 160). The second camp believes that language has an intuitive component that can only be acquired by learning the culture of the target country. Language is learned in context (Wendt, 2003, p. 92). On the one end are individuals who feel that students must communicate... One school of thought states that the only necessary education that new learners of a language need is semantics and how to string together sentences. For them, culture is not necessary to learn. The other school of thought says that cultural education regarding the target country is crucial, as it puts the language in context and helps the new learner know the different subtleties that are necessary to be a competent speaker. Learning a foreign language cannot force the learner into a vacuum where context and culture do not matter. It is only through learning the nuances of speech can a speaker become a competent speaker, and it is only through knowing the culture of the target country can this occur. A good example is the individual who used the word tu when he should have used the word vous. This is only one example, but one can imagine how many mistakes a speaker will make if he is not aware of context and culture. Because culture is so important to learning Spanish, this is some thing that will be emphasized in the Spanish classroom that I teach. Teaching knowledge about the culture will be relatively easy. Cooking Spanish food, teaching about Spanish holidays, teaching about the religion of Spain, teaching the Spanish painter, writers and other cultural icons, teaching the history of Spain, etc., will all be integral to teaching about Spanish culture. This would also include showing television shows from Spain, showing movies, including dramas and comedies, will be important as well.

Friday, November 1, 2019

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 96

Assignment Example The wind gust will be in the excess of 140 mph. The forecast also predicts an average snowfall probability forecast of 8 inches. There is also a probability 0f freezing rain reaching a minimum of .25 inch. The National Weather Service uses satellites to forecast the weather by analyzing cloud cover and heat waves to predict the weather. They also use radar to forecast the weather. The use of satellites is an extremely accurate method of analyzing the weather. The weather forecast carried out by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s claims that there will be a colder and wetter than average winter season. Currently a storm is bringing hurricane force winds is being felt in Michigan. These strong winds carry the snow and spread this precipitation all over Plains of Michigan. This is due to La Nina, which is accompanied by water temperatures below normal in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. This plays a major role in the winter weather of this area. A type of forecasting methodology used is Forensic & Historical Meteorology that requires specific weather information to forecast the weather. So far, the accuracy of the 2011 winter season has been quite accurate from all sectors. Past forecasts carried out especially for the year 2010-2011 has been very accurate. This forecast was carried out by the Climate Prediction Center, which is a sub-division of the National Weather Service. My own winter season forecast I predict high precipitation of snow and very cold weather. The snow will be at least 8 inches and the temperature about

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Parphrase for ibrahim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Parphrase for ibrahim - Essay Example Pin 4 – The function of Pin number 4 is that of Reset. From the word on go, the Rest Pin stays within the state of High state connectivity in the form of resistance of 100 kilo resistor. The relational voltage in this accord is that of 0.8 Volts as a whole. The 555 timer based oscillator is actually a specific type of circuit that produces high intensity based and swiftly moving waveforms. The output frequency of these waveforms is alterable through the connection of an RC circuit by attaching a single capacitor and a pair of resistors. The circuit so obtained makes up for a particular form of flexible oscillator that produces square waveforms which themselves are relatively static in their outlook. The given waveforms may end up with a specific frequency ranging up to as high as 500 kHz and further more it assists the duty cycles which can provide the wavelength of as high as up to the range of fifty to a hundred percent. In contrast to the mono stable set of circuits which halts its movement through the course of given time is lapsed, oscillator circuit at hand enables the function of re-triggering mechanism obtained through the meddling of the trigger input pin Number two along with the given sixth Pin that are explained above and each operating to a specific threshold voltage. The scenario can be explained as following. The given set of oscillator circuit, Two pins, one Pin number Two and the second number that of Pin number six are used in the given coordinated combinational uniformity. The given combination enables for the process of a self-triggering formula in every round trip. This in turn enables the circuit to operate as the running oscillator. The aforementioned circuit is also given another name and that is the voltage-to-frequency converter. The name is given on the account of fact that the overall external frequency is variable in nature through the alteration of the internal voltage variation. Pin number five often serves for

Monday, October 28, 2019

Making reference to Language and imagery Essay Example for Free

Making reference to Language and imagery Essay The play of Macbeth is based around a soldier who went by the name of Macbeth Ambition got the better of Macbeth and drove him to work his way up the hierarchy by whatever means he thought was necessary. Of course he did meet some obstacles on the way, but instead of hurdling over them he got rid of them. Eliminating these obstacles is what caused Macbeths transition from a brave Macbeth to abhorred heir by the end of the play. However its not a clear cut answer. There were many contributing factors. It wasnt simply all Macbeths doing that got him where he was at the end of the play. Many characters played a role in his downfall. At the start of the play we do not meet Macbeth but we are told about him, For brave Macbeth, well he deserves that name, here is where a soldier is speaking to King Duncan and telling him that Macbeth does deserve to be called brave. This is where we first hear of Macbeth before we actually meet him. The next thing that the soldier tells Duncan is a small piece of description of why Macbeth should be called brave, Disdaining fortune, with his brandishd steel, Which smokd with bloody execution, Here Shakespeare uses certain dramatic words to create an image of what Macbeth was like. The way the soldier tells Duncan that Macbeths steel was covered with bloody execution, which gives us an image of a man covered in blood from the people he has executed. When Macbeth meets the three witches for the first time he is immediately interested in what they have to say and he does ask them to speak if they can. Macbeths immediate reaction to what the witches had said was interesting, he wanted to know more as he was confused by the prophesy of him becoming King, Speak, I charge you here Macbeth tries to order the witches to say more but they vanish. The witches were very smart; they told Macbeth the hard facts but they didnt tell him how or when he would be King or Thane Cawdor. This leaves him hanging. Macbeth and Banquo are, as expected, shocked. The witches here could have simply be spinning a line of lies and see if Macbeth would grab it as he did and the witches now know that Macbeth must be pretty easily convinced as he was when he heard the prophesies. Macbeth and Banquo, when the witches are gone, then think if what they had seen and heard was actually there or were they going mad, where such things here as we do speak about? Or have we eaten on the insane root. That takes the reason prisoner? Here Banquo asks Macbeth if what they are talking about was actually there or have they eaten on the insane root and just gone mad. So even when they have heard the prophecy it shows you how shocked they are if they are questioning their own sanity. Macbeth may take the bait from the witches but Banquo tries to worn Macbeth that there must be evil forces at work and that it may seem in his favour now but there is something sinister in the predictions, What, can the devil speak true? Banquo here tries to convince Macbeth that can these witches related to the devil speak truth and so he tries to over throw Macbeths thoughts to forget about the prophesies and just to carry on as normal. The first seed of ambition that is thrown to Macbeth came from the witches prophecy of Macbeth becoming King. However the seed did not start to grow until Macbeth hears that he is going to become the new Thane of Cawdor this being the first prophecy made by the witches come true. At this point Macbeth and Banquo had decided to let the future take care of itself. However when he was told that he would be the new Thane of Cawdor a bell started to ring in his head. Soon after this, Duncan makes his son Malcolm the Prince of Cumberland and Duncan invites himself to Macbeths Castle. Everything is falling into place for Macbeth and he sees his chance to become King; obviously Duncan was not planning on making Macbeth the next King. However Macbeth then had a problem and that was Malcolm, The Prince of Cumberland _ that is a step, On which I must fall down, or else oerleep, For in my way it lies. This is where Macbeth realises that he has a hurdle to overleap in order to for fulfil his ambition to become King of Scotland. This is where Shakespeare tries to explain Macbeths situation in a simple way by creating an image of a staircase, Malcolm on the step above him and the King Duncan above that. This is where he has a choice of whether to get rid of Malcolm or some how get him out of the way so that he could fall into the place or step that he was on and then he would be another step closer to becoming the King. Duncan appears to continuously present Macbeth with gifts and titles. This fuels Macbeths ambition and makes him yearn for more authority, such as to be the King of Scotland. Presenting Macbeth with gifts and titles led to Macbeths transition or you could say his tragedy, but Duncan cannot be entirely to blame because he was simply rewarding Macbeth for his triumphs and bravery on the battlefield over much larger armies, What he hath lost noble Macbeth hath won. Here we get a great feeling that Macbeth is a very strong and powerful soldier on the battlefield. Here it says that what other soldiers have lost, such as a battle or war, Macbeth will definitely win. Lady Macbeth latches on to the idea of Macbeth being King as soon as she reads his letter describing the prophesy. She has no doubt that the prophecy will come true, but she does fear that her husband is, to full o the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way. Lady Macbeth immediately sees that killing Duncan is necessary for Macbeth to become King, and she has no concern for how evil that plan is. As soon as she sees him, she begins convincing him that he should kill the King. Macbeth does not agree, but later in scene seven, he tells Lady Macbeth: We will proceed no further in this business. She responds by attacking his manhood, calling him a coward and referring to a promise she never made. I would while it was smiling in my face Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, And dash the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have you done to this. Macbeth never made a promise to kill Duncan but Lady Macbeth is trying to manipulate him by saying if she had made a promise to kill her child she would, Macbeth has sworn to kill Duncan but she is simply playing with his mind and trying to get him to go along with the murder. Later on in scene seven Macbeth tells his wife that he doesnt want to take the positions away from the soldiers or Thanes because they have earned their position and clothes that hey wear, he just wanted to become King the easiest and quickest way. Lady Macbeth tries to explain to her husband that there will be an obstacle or downside along the way, Letting I dare not wait upon I would, Like the poor cat i th adage? Lady Macbeth here tries to be persuasive by telling Macbeth that she would not let fear get the better of her as he was starting to do. She then uses the proverb an adage to try and explain that obstacles often occur when someone really wants something and puts his situation into a way that he could relate to. Lady Macbeth said to Macbeth the cat wanted the fish but would not get her paws wet, translating into Macbeths case, he wanted to become King but didnt want to kill for it. After the murder of Duncan Lady Macbeth has to assure Macbeth that what is done is done and not to think about it as it will drive him insane. Macbeth was still shaken after the murder and took the daggers, that he killed the guards with, back with him. Lady Macbeth then had to take charge, Infirm of purpose! Give me the daggers. Lady Macbeth even after the murder is still insulting her husband and calls him weak minded. Lady Macbeth plays an important role in Macbeths transition. Lady Macbeth is like her husbands bad conscience, there were many points in the play where Macbeth would have pulled out from murdering Duncan but his wife tried her best and seceded in convincing Macbeth that he should murder Duncan. However I do not think that she can be held entirely to blame; Macbeth had free will to do what he wanted; Lady Macbeth simply backed him up. Therefore it was through Macbeths decisions he became the man he was at the end of the play. You could say that he was some what forced into murdering Banquo. It is concluded! Banquo, thy souls flight, If it find heaven, must find it tonight. Here Macbeth has plotted the death of Banquo, and is pleased that his friend would soon be dead. He does all this without any prompting at all from Lady Macbeth; he does this simply because the witches had said that Banquos descendants would be Kings. Macbeth furthers his own transition by having Macduffs family killed. The castle of Macduff I will surprise, Seize upon Fife, give to the edge o the sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate sould That trace him in his line. Straight after the second prophesy, which warns him to beware the Thane of Fife, that being Macduff. Lennox brings word that Macduff has fled to England. Angered, and the words from the prophesy that he has interpreted to mean that Macduff may be a threat, Macbeth orders the household of Macduff slaughtered. When Macduff had found this out he was truly convinced that Macbeth is evil, and rallied the armies of proud England to march against the sick Scotland. Therefore, by destroying the Macduff household, Macbeth brung about his own downfall or transition by the end of the play. Prior to this Macbeth once again made another step towards his own transition. He yearned for the knowledge that the witches possessed and he couldnt do anything without knowing what was going to happen in the future. The second time Macbeth went to visit the witches they had three new prophecies for him, The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth This first prophesy is simply saying that the person born not of a woman shall harm Macbeth. Macbeth thinks that this is impossible, what he doesnt realise is that Macduff was born by a suzerain Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill Shall come against him. Here the witches say that only harm will come to Macbeth when Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane, which Macbeth thinks is impossible. The other prophesy was, Beware Macduff, Beware the Thane of Fife. Here the witches are simply telling Macbeth to beware Macduff. As he believed all the prophesies he made them come true, so we dont actually know whether they simply fed him a line and influenced his thinking knowing that he was ambitious and would make these prophesies come true. This is yet another factor in Macbeths downfall. Macbeth surprisingly actually tries to comfort himself and in a way he tries to justify what he has done, I am in blood stepped in so far that returning were as tedious as go oer. Macbeth here is trying to say that going back from what he had done would be as tedious as it was committing the murder, he seems to think that because he is so far stepped in blood and cannot turn back that it makes everything alright which it certainly doesnt. Even though Macbeth sees Banquos ghost he doesnt seem to show any remorse. However the ghost does startled him and he doesnt feel like a man when the ghost is there, Enter GHOST, And to our dear friend Banquo whom we miss; Would he were here. To all, and him we thirst And all to all. Banquos ghost enters the banquet and Macbeth decides to propose a toast to Banquo, its as if Macbeth is tying taunt Banquos ghost, Macbeth is not really sorry and he wouldnt rather Banquo be there he is simply boasting to the ghost that he had him killed. However at the point when the armies of England are closing in on Dunsinane, where Macbeths castle is, Macbeth seems remorseful. It seems that his darker side was turning towards the light, but still, Macbeth refused to let anyone or anything threat his reign, except his death. But get thee back my soul is too much charged With the blood of thine already. Shakespeare uses imagery here to show how Macbeths soul is fully charged like a battery but with all the bad deeds he had committed. This part of the play is where Macbeth is confronted by Macduff and he is remorseful that he has killed Macduffs household. But nevertheless the deed was done and Macbeth could only blame himself for it. In conclusion I think that Macbeth was more so to blame for his own transition. He may have been pushed into the murdering of Duncan but everything else he made his own mind up about. Sure there where many limiting factors in Macbeths transition such as Lady Macbeth, the witches and another big factor being his ambition which was probably reflecting his decision making but this cannot be excused as he knew exactly what he was doing and what his aim was, to become the King of Scotland. However he does show some remorse before he is killed. Before Macbeth was killed Macduff started to fight with him but Macbeth could fight no more and so Macbeth was beheaded. This does show that he may have finally realised what he had done or that he was blinded from the truth by his ambitions.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Three Principal Meetings that Led to the Adoption of the Constitution o

Three Principal Meetings that Led to the Adoption of the Constitution of the United States There were three principal meetings that led to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, and only two Virginians attended all three. The meetings were the Mount Vernon Conference of 1785, the Annapolis Convention of 1786 and the Philadelphia Convention in 1787. James Madison was one attendee, and he is well known as the Father of the Constitution and our fourth President. George Mason was the other, yet his name does not spring to mind. Does George Mason deserve the accolade "Founding Father?" This paper will explore the political life of Mason and attempt to answer the question affirmatively. Before exploring Mason through his papers, his biographies and the papers of his contemporaries, it is necessary to decide what one must have done to be included in the list of our republic's founders. For purposes of this investigation, we must find that Mason's words or actions were influential in the document as finally ratified. While Mason's authorship of the Virginia Declaration of Rights is easily tied to the Bill of Rights, the question for this paper is whether Mason's handprints appear on the mold of our Constitution. Mason is well regarded as a political writer. "His three most brilliant papers - 'Extracts from the Virginia Charters', 'The Virginia Resolutions' and 'Declaration of Rights' have become immortalized as the very foundations of American democracy." Herbert Lawrence Ganter identified George Mason as an "eighteenth century champion of liberty for all." But these approbations are difficult to uncover. More commonly, one finds quotations such as "†¦the wr itings of the great thinkers of the age - Jefferson, Madison, Hamilton, Adams†¦" To adequately examine George Mason, a brief review of his pre-convention life and activities helps set up his provenance as a founding father. George Mason, the fourth so named in this lineage, was born about 1725. His father drowned during a squall while crossing the Potomac in 1735. His education was at the hand of his paternal uncle and co-guardian John Mercer of Marlborough who had "†¦assembled one of the outstanding libraries in the colony†¦" Mercer's collection was heavily weighted toward law and legal treatises but contained the currently popular classic literature as well as works on philosop... ...ited States." In further debate, Colonel Mason moved to insert the words "increased or" before "diminished" in the proposed clause defining the compensation of judges, but this motion was voted down. On August 28, Mason objected to the clause denying States the right to interfere in private contracts. On August 29 Mason joined the fray on the issue of regulation of commerce and States' rights, again expressing his concern that southern states are a minority. On the issue of new western states, he suggested that they be treated equally, a view opposed to those who had moved to place superior power in the existing States. August 30 was a day of silence for Colonel Mason. On August 31, Mason supported those who felt that only nine States needed to ratify rather than ten as was on the table. Nine States had been acceptable for the Confederation and there was no valid reason to change. As August came to a close, Mason seconded the motion of Elbridge Gerry to postpone a decision on how and when the States should be allowed to ratify the Constitution. It was during this speech that Mason declared he would sooner chop off his right hand than put to the people the Constitution as it

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Adverse Impacts of Landscape Fragmentation on Biodiversity :: Environmental Ecosystems Essays

Adverse Impacts of Landscape Fragmentation on Biodiversity Landscape fragmentation can impose devastating and irreversible consequences on the biodiversity of ecosystems. Because of the conflicting interests between ecology and human economic benefit, it has become increasingly important to find solutions for a harmonic balance. It is imperative for people to recognize the impacts of biodiversity loss and increased extinction of many species. These impacts must be understood in order to protect landscapes and the immense biodiversity they contain. Raising environmental consciousness through education and public cooperative efforts, as well as promoting resource conservation and changing consumptive patterns, are just a few ways that we can begin to protect biodiversity. What is landscape fragmentation? Landscape fragmentation can be characterized as a break up of a continuous landscape into more smaller, less-connected patches by roads, clearing for agriculture, commercial and residential development, and timber harvesting. Clear-cutting can break up mature, contiguous forest until the clear-cut area has regenerated to a point that it does not act as an ecological barrier to interior species or species that rely on continuous, mature forests. Much of the work that has sought to measure landscape pattern and habitat fragmentation comes out of the disciplines of conservation biology and landscape ecology (Theobald 1998). These disciplines are founded on the premise that landscape patterns strongly influence and are influenced by ecological processes (Forman and Godron 1986). How does landscape fragmentation affect species diversity? Landscape fragmentation contributes to loss of migratory corridors, loss of connectivity and natural communities, which all lead to a loss of biodiversity for a region. Conservation of biodiversity must include all levels of diversity: genetic, species, community, and landscape (CNHP 1995). Each complex level is dependent upon and linked to the other levels. In addition, humans are linked to all levels of this hierarchy. A healthy natural and human environment go hand in hand (CNHP 1995). An important step in conservation planning, in order to guarantee both a healthy natural environment as well as a healthy human environment, is recognizing the most endangered elements. Biodiversity is influenced by landscape fragmentation at various scales of space and time. The extinction of ecosystem types and component species may cause an increased patchiness of the landscape, resulting in lower population sizes and decreased connectivity. As a result, inhabitants may experience decreased dispersal abilities and lowered gene flows between populations.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Industrial Development and Western Expansion’s Effect on US Farmers Essay

True, the United States of America’s surge in industrial development and western expansion were indeed crucial factors that led to protests by farmers. This is evidenced by many different events that occurred during the time when industrialization was most in focus in the United States. This onset of industrial boom occurred some time between the 18th century and the 20th century. The fist thing that should be tackled here in order for one to understand the truth behind the initial statement of this essay is the Western United States. This refers to the westward expansion of the United States. Because of the demand for more land, the rich prairie lands of the west proved to be a lucrative source for larger areas of development. Many chose to pursue a life in the west and resided there. America’s expansion towards its west allowed more than 400 million acres of free land to be utilized for whatever purposes could be thought of by its new owners. This had numerous implications for the American citizen, most especially to the American farmer. Land became available in bulk over night. However, despite this availability, farmers and farm labor decreased by at least 30% during this stage. This decrease in production may have been due to the increase in individuals who could provide satisfaction to the market’s demand for agricultural products. Thus greater production also led to lower costs for the said products on the agricultural market. Farmers found themselves unable to compete with this change. The industrial development which had already begun at that time also contributed to this. Farmers found themselves unable to deal with industrialization. The industrialization of the agricultural industry meant new innovations, new machines. Some of these innovations included railroads which allowed the harvested agricultural products to reach the market more quickly. Other innovations such as the refrigerator allowed for preservation of the produce. Farm yields now reached more distant places but could also now be processed in factories to last longer. This meant that the farmers were up against a major competitor in the food industry, markets and globalization. Local family farms found themselves unable to keep up with the tide of new instruments. Although machines were available for them to work more efficiently such as the reaper, the steal plow, and the harvester, these were not enough for the greater capabilities of factories and national manufacturers. The marginalization of the individual farmer in the face of westward expansion and industrial development brought much distress and discontent. Protests were held and many voiced their frustration at the economical change that seemed to have happened over night. Farmer organizations such as The Grange and Farmers Alliance were established. These worked to demand regulations, protective tariffs, trade policies, conservative monetary policies and the like. It is clear from the evidence given that westward expansion and industrial development truly were factors in the protests of farmers. Whether these two issues proved to have good results in the long run is a different matter. It is sufficient to say that these caused much discontent in farmers at the time enough so that they rose in protest. References Cowan, Ruth Schwartz (1997) A Social History of American Technology, New York: Oxford University Press Hindle, B. & Lubar, S. (1986) Engines of change: the American industrial revolution, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press Meyer, D. (1989). Midwestern industrialization and the american manufacturing belt in the ineteenth century. The Journal of Economic History, 49(4), 921-937 Shannon, F. (1950). The status of the midwestern farmer in 1900. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 37(3), 491-510

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Smart Film Essays

Smart Film Essays Smart Film Essay Smart Film Essay Glazing Methods Frame Design Setting Blocks Glass Protection 15 15 15 15 15 Trouble Shooting Warranties ESG Product Standards 16 16 17 Essex Safety Glass Ltd. , Unit 1-3 Moss Road, Witham, Essex CM8 3UQ Tel: 01376 520061 (10 Lines), Fax: 01376 521176, Email: [emailprotected] co. uk, Web: www. esguk. co. uk 3 ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ Overview Where discretion is vital, ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ gives you the choice of privacy or the public gaze at the flick of a switch. Normally a diffused white which acts as a screen, this LCD glass can be made transparent simply by passing an electric current through it. With the power off, liquid crystal molecules in the Privacy film are randomly oriented so that incidental light is scattered, making the glass opaque; but when electricity is applied, the liquid crystal molecules line up and, as light passes through it, the Privacy film becomes optically clear. ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ is available in custom sizes and shapes, making it an ideal choice for architects and designers when creating working, home, retail and leisures spaces. In its white state, LCD glass even becomes the perfect backdrop on which to project presentations, without the need for a separate screen. Features Benefits Unique Features The largest size film on the market up to 1,800mm x 3,500 mm Can be combined with certified ESG fire resistant and security glass products, acoustic and decorative interlayers Can be applied to curved services, cut into odd shapes or even hole punched to accommodate specific display applications No distraction of shutters. Not susceptible to mechanical failure like powered shutters, curtains or blinds Blocks 99% of UV rays Low working voltage Life – average of 25 years with due care Benefits to our Customers: Manufactured in UK so full support and back up Offer supply and installation service able to supply turnkey system Solutions for a wide variety of applications Complex supply and fix electrical systems service UK Wide delivery service on ESG’s own fleet Crating and shipping export service Principles of Privacy Glass Technology Development of LCD Film Obtained license from Kent State University in 1988 Developed relia ble formulations and process Designed its own equipment for production Commercialized PDLC film in 1990 Commercialized PDLC glass in 1994 Low Haze version in 2004 Product Type ESG LCD switchable privacy glass 4 ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ – Technical Binder Applications Commercial Meeting rooms, conference rooms, office partition screens, executive offices, doors, sliding doors, roof lights, tradeshow exhibits and command centres Dealerships Showrooms, meeting rooms, sliding doors and customer areas Hotels and Restaurants Hotel room privacy screen, bathroom / bedroom privacy screen, external windows, doors, conference centre windows roof-lights, bar restaurant screens, toilet cubicles, balustrades and balconies Projection Internal or external high resolution rear projection screens Residential Bathroom / Shower enclosure, projection screens, doors, sliding doors, roof lights, ultra-modern residential and commercial blind applications Security Security windows, bullet resistant glass, bank cashier window and automated teller security windows, vision panels, entrance foyer and cell doors and windows Entertainment and Showrooms Rear projection screen s, feature screens, special effects panels and vanity screens Healthcare Hospital (nursery, emergency, ICU, operation room), fire resistant doors, hospital and privacy/restriction of view Retail Advertising screens, changing rooms and projection Executive Cars Privacy screens and security solution And many more Essex Safety Glass Ltd. , Unit 1-3 Moss Road, Witham, Essex CM8 3UQ Tel: 01376 520061 (10 Lines), Fax: 01376 521176, Email: [emailprotected] co. uk, Web: www. esguk. co. uk 5 Technology Principle: LCD Privacy Film is made of two layers of transparent conductive film sandwiched with PDLC material. The film is then laminated between two pieces of glass. When electricity is applied to the film the liquid crystals line up and ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ becomes transparent. When the power is turned off, the liquid crystals return to their normal scattering positions and turn the glass from optically clear to opaque. The Liquid Crystal Privacy film is encapsulated between layers of glass in a protective laminate construction. ESG Switchable â„ ¢ incorporates 5mm low iron tempered glass as standard as this offers considerably higher light transmission. However as ESG manufacture the product in the UK customers can select from a wide range of glass types colours to suit their project requirements. The outside skins are made up of glass (normally 5 or 6mm annealed glass) each side, then a PVB interlayer is inserted on each side to trap and hold the Liquid Crystal Privacy film. PDLC Light Scattering Mechanism Off On Manufacturing ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ is manufactured in the UK by our experienced team and all stages of its production process are monitored and controlled. ESG employ a variety of laminating methods which enables them to produce a wide range of specialist glass products which can incorporate ESG Switchableâ„ ¢. This method allows us: to control our production process very precisely to use different intelayers optimal for specific applications (PVB, EVA, PTU) to produce all types of glass: shapes, curved, notches, cut outs, holes, fire glass to manufacture special products: ESG Bullet Resistant privacy glass ESG Secure glass ESG Pyrotechâ„ ¢ glass Glass Sheets LC Film Interlayer Films Glass Sheets The Liquid Crystal Privacy film is made up from electrically conductive coatings, a polymer matrix and liquidFilm LC crystals. This film is connected to the power Films via bus bars, electrical Interlayer suplly wiring and a transformer. Polymer Matrix Liquid Crystal LC Film ESG Acoustic glass We use only the best materials in our production process from major global producers, whose materials are manufactured to internationally recognised Conductive Coatings quality standards. LC Film Conductive Coatings Polymer Matrix Liquid Crystal 6 ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ – Technical Binder Technical Data (ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ Switchable LCD Privacy Glass) Glass Colour: Decorative Glass: Glass Type: Thickness: Standard Size: Bespoke Size: Any colour available (clear, bronze, grey, green tint, blue tint Screen printed, sand blasted and patterned Low iron, annealed, heat strengthened, tempered (All laminated) Various from 10 mm to multi layer laminates Up to 1,500mm x 3,200mm Up to 1,800mm x 3,500mm ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ has the largest sizing on the market Shape: Environmental: Electrical: Any shape, including holes, notches and cut outs – Storage ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ Glass Sound Control Data Thickness Standard Con struction 4 mm Low Iron tempered glass x 1. 52 PVB + 0. 4 mm LCD x 4 mm Low Iron tempered glass 5 mm Low Iron tempered glass x 1. 52 PVB + 0. 4 mm LCD x 5 mm Low Iron tempered glass 6 mm Low Iron tempered glass x 1. 52 PVB + 0. 4 mm LCD x 6 mm Low Iron tempered glass ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ Std dB Rating (Rw) 35 36 36 ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ Acoustic dB Rating (Rw) 37 38 39 10 mm 12 mm 14 mm ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ Examples of Optical Performance* Thickness Standard Construction 4 mm Low Iron tempered glass x 1. 52 PVB + 0. 4 mm LCD x 4 mm Low Iron tempered glass 5 mm Low Iron tempered glass x 1. 52 PVB + 0. 4 mm LCD x 5 mm Low Iron tempered glass 6 mm Low Iron tempered glass x 1. 52 PVB + 0. 4 mm LCD x 6 mm Low Iron tempered glass Visible Light Transmission % (LT) ON* 80 ** 79 ** 78 ** Visible Light Transmission % VS Clear Laminated ? 12 ** ? 11 ** ? 10 ** 10 mm 12 mm 14 mm * According to manufacturer’s test data ** +/– 3% Essex Safety Glass Ltd. Unit 1-3 Moss Road, Witham, Essex CM8 3UQ Tel: 01376 520061 (10 Lines), Fax: 01376 521176, Email: [emailprotected] co. uk, Web: www. esguk. co. uk 7 ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ – Technical Binder Shapes Rectangles Squares Triangles Circles Rounded Corners Trapezoids Parallelograms Domed Tops Notches Holes Cut Outs Special Shapes Special Shapes Special Shapes Special Shapes and many more. Clear/non switchable area s, very small bubbles and/or visual distortion may be present around notches/holes and cutouts. Therefore customers must allow for coverage of 10mm all around notches/holes cutouts. Essex Safety Glass Ltd. , Unit 1-3 Moss Road, Witham, Essex CM8 3UQ Tel: 01376 520061 (10 Lines), Fax: 01376 521176, Email: [emailprotected] co. uk, Web: www. esguk. co. uk 8 ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ – Technical Binder Electrical As with any electrical device, ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ must be included in the electrical layout for each project eg position of spurs, switching layout, containment, and connection boxes etc. The installation must meet all local rules and regulations. In addition, any metal frames which could come into contact with the wiring of the panel must be earthed. ESG is not responsible for supplying electrical layout drawings except when they are providing the electrical installation service. ESG supplied Switches Controllers – When ESG supply switches, remote controls and/or system control equipment for ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ installations, staff will demonstrate operation of the switches and controllers to their customer and provide copies of the technical data sheets for the various electrical components in this manual. ESG’s operatives will demonstrate the operation of all such equipment to their client or end user. It is important to note that the switch/remote control receiver must be wired into the circuit on the mains voltage side of the transformer. Failure to correctly install the switch/remote control receiver will lead to irreparable damage to ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels. Once glazed ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels must be switched off (into opaque state) for a minimum of six hours each day to reduce the risk of damage to the panel and to extend life expectancy. Fuses Transformers must be fitted by the electrical contractor in an easily accessible area so that the fuse can be accessed and replaced if necessary. Do not substitute the fuse in the power supply with a higher rated fuse as this may lead to damage to ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels. Electrical Installation Electrical Installation by ESG Contractors (UK) All electrical installations by ESG contractors will be carried out by electrically competent operatives with all relevant qualifications up to BS7671 IEE Wiring Regulations Seventeenth Edition. The power supply will be calculated to the correct amperage for each project. All 230V power supplies will use RCBO as a protected device and be calculated to operate within 0. of a second under fault conditions. All transformers will have isolation within a meter. All secondary side 65V supplies will be fused within the transformer to protect the ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels and transformer from fault. All installations will be tested to the latest BS7671 IEE Wiring Regulations Seventeenth Edition and on completion the client will be supplied with NICEIC electrical certificate. Power Transfo rmers All secondary side 65V supplies will be fused within the transformer to protect the ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels and transformer from fault. For ease of installation and maintenance ESG supply a number of transformers from 1 x 65V secondary outlet to 6 x 65V secondary outlets as follows : 230V AC to 65V 1000ma transformer and enclosure 65va 230V AC to 65V with 2x 65V 1000ma transformer and enclosure 130VA 230VAC to 65V with 4x 65V 1000ma transformer and enclosure 260VA 230VAC 65V with 6x 65V 1000ma transformer and enclosure 390VA Ensure the transformer input connects to the 230V supply and output to the ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels. Multiple panels should be connected in parallel. Each transformer output is capable of powering up to 4m2. Electrical Installation by ESG’s Customer ESG require all electrical installations of ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ be completed by a licensed electrician and in compliance with all local rules and regulations. Before installation the electrician must inspect bus bars, electrode leads and cables to ensure they are properly insulated. No exposed bus bars, electrodes or cables should be allowed to come into contact with metal frames as this may damage the ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels and transformer. Any metal framework into which panels will be installed must be earthed. Before turning on the power supply the electrician must test the resistance reading between the frame and the electrode to ensure the reading is infinite/open circuit ie there is no connection between the frame and the panels. If the reading is not infinite then the electrician will need to check all bus bars, electrodes and cables until the short circuit is found and insulated accordingly. Essex Safety Glass Ltd. , Unit 1-3 Moss Road, Witham, Essex CM8 3UQ Tel: 01376 520061 (10 Lines), Fax: 01376 521176, Email: [emailprotected] co. uk, Web: www. esguk. co. uk 9 Bus bars Single Laminated or Double Glazed Units Fig 1. Bus bar on one short edge Wires to power ESG Privacy Panels 1. 5 metres long 2 x 0. 5mm cables per bus bar Bus Bar area 7 mm +/- 2 mm (only at bus bar edge)* Bus bar ESG Privacy Panel (Mono/DGM) Bus bar * Allow 12 mm edge cover If the short edge to the long edge ratio is 1:4 or less, then the bus bars can be applied to either one short edge or one long edge as Fig. 1 Fig. 2 LCD Film Fig 2. Bus bar on one long edge Bus Bar area 8 mm +/- 2 mm (only at bus bar edge)* LCD Film Bus bar ESG Privacy Panel (Mono/DGU) Wires to power ESG Privacy Panels 1. 5 metres long 2 x 0. 5mm cables per bus bar Bus bar Allow 12 mm edge cover If the short edge to the long edge ration is greater than 1:4 then the bus bar must be applied to one long or both short edges as Fig. 2 Fig. 3 10 ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ – Technical Binder Fig 3. Alternative bus bar solutions – two short edges* Bus bar Bus Bar area 7 mm +/- 2 mm (only at bus bar edge) Wires to power ESG Privacy Panels 1. 5 metres long 2 x 0. 5mm cables per bus bar LCD Film Bus Bar area 7 mm +/- 2 mm (only at bus bar edge)** * Where size exceeds 1,500 mm x 3,200 mm ** Allow 12 mm edge cover Bus bar Fig 4. Alternative bus bar solutions – two long edges Bus Bar area 7 mm +/- 2 mm (only at bus bar edge)* LCD Film Wires to power ESG Privacy Panels 1. 5 metres long 2 x 0. 5mm cables per bus bar Bus bar Bus bar * Allow 12 mm edge cover If the panel dimension exceed either 1500mm in both directions then the bus bars must be applied to either both short edges or both long edges respectively as Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Bus Bar area 7 mm +/- 2 mm (only at bus bar edge) Essex Safety Glass Ltd. , Unit 1-3 Moss Road, Witham, Essex CM8 3UQ Tel: 01376 520061 (10 Lines), Fax: 01376 521176, Email: [emailprotected] co. uk, Web: www. esguk. co. uk 11 Typical Wiring Diagrams Figure One Wireless Wall Switch / Remote Control Wiring Diagram L 20 240V AC 220 240V AC 13A Fused Supply 13A Fused Supply N N L L L WR 1 Radio Radio Receiver Receiver NN N N WR 1 L L 230v 230v I/P I/P N N 65v O/P L 65v N O/P N L ESG PT65V/1/4 Transformer ESG PT65V/1/4 RCWS Transformer ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ RCWS ESG2CH / Wireless Wall Switch / Remote controller ESG2CH / Wi reless Wall Switch / Remote controller Please Note: The Power Transformer has a built in fuse and must be located in an accessible position ESG PT65V/1/4 Power Transformer (230v AC to 65v AC) (130 x 90 x 76 mm) 1 required per switchable area up to 4m2 Figure Two 5v O/P 2 L N Standard Wiring Diagram 220 240V AC 13A Fused Supply N L N L 230 I/P O/P 2 L 65v Switchableâ„ ¢ O/P 2 N L 65v N ESG ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ 220 240V AC 13A Fused Supply N L Wall Switch ESG PT230VA/4/24 Transformers N L 230 I/P 65v O/P 2 L N ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ 65v O/P 2 L ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ N Wall Switch ESG ESG PT230VA/4/24 ESG ESG Transformers Switchableâ„ ¢ Switchableâ„ ¢ Switchableâ„ ¢ 65v O/P 2 ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ L 65v O/P 2 N N L ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ ESGSwitchableâ„ ¢ Switchableâ„ ¢ ESG ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ 65v Please Note: The Power Transformer has a built in fuse and must be located in an accessible position L ESGPT 230VA/ 4 /24 Power Transformer (230v AC to 65 VAC) (260 x 130 x 130mm) 1 required per switchable area up to 4 x 4m2 ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ O/P 2 N 12 ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ – Technical Binder Shipping Receiving Shipping ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ is delivered by ESG’s own experienced logistics team throughout the UK. Full crating and shipping service for export worldwide available. All panels must be checked for damage when the panels are delivered and the delivery note marked accordingly as any claims for damage after the delivery driver has left will not be accepted. This includes delivery of both loose panels and those delivered on stillages. if the person receiving the panels marks the delivery note ‘unchecked’ or any variation on this term then they will still be deemed to have accepted the panels as undamaged and the panels will be chargeable. ESG will not be held responsible for damage if the person receiving the panels fails to inspect them. â€Å"Unexpected† Breakage â€Å"Unexplained† glass breakage may occur after all precautions have been taken. Such breakage is beyond the control of the manufacturer and therefore not warrantable. This includes but is not limited to the following items: thermal stress damage during sand blasting (if not performed by ESG) glazing system pressures damage during glazing handling and storage problems excessive wind loads objects and debris striking the glass damage by persons/objects at the construction site Storage Glass edges frequently sustain damage due to careless handling at some point between manufacture and installation. Handle with care! If the glass is to be stored on the job site or in warehouse conditions, proper blocking and protection should be maintained at all times. As with other flat glass products, ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ must be stored where the relative humidity is less than 80% to prevent the glass form staining. The glass temperature should be held nearly constant to prevent moisture condensation on the Panels. Storage temperature range is -20-70  °C. Panels should be tilted at 5 ° 7 ° from vertical at all times using broad, sturdy uprights to support the weight of the glass. Essex Safety Glass Ltd. , Unit 1-3 Moss Road, Witham, Essex CM8 3UQ Tel: 01376 520061 (10 Lines), Fax: 01376 521176, Email: [emailprotected] co. uk, Web: www. esguk. co. uk 13 Glazing General Notes Surface Conditions A. Inspect the areas and conditions under which work will be performed. Correct any circumstances detrimental to the proper completion of the work. You must not proceed with glazing until unsatisfactory circumstances are corrected. B. Ensure all glazing channels, rebates and stops are free from obstructions and substances which may hamper quality of glazing 1. Remove protective coating which might fall in adhesion or interfere with bond of sealants. 2. Ensure the final wiping of surfaces complies with manufacturers’ instructions immediately prior to application of primer and glazing compounds or tapes. USE ONLY NEUTRAL CURE SILICONES. DO NOT USE ACETIC SILICONES. C. Set the glass in a method which produces the greatest possible degree of uniformity appearance. 1. Indicate clearly when install glass in dynamic frames such as operable windows or sliding doors. 2. Glazing to the exterior and wet interior conditions must be wet-sealed and resistant to moisture with provisions to allow for weeping of condensation that may infiltrate the system. 3. Pressure glazing systems without positive positioning stops must not to be used with this glass. 4. Glazier to place electrical connections properly to allow access by an electrician. . Electrical connections must exit at the head condition of any framing system using ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels in wet environment applications. D. Cut and seal the joints of glazing gaskets in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations, provide watertight and airtight seals at corners and other locations where joints are needed. Installation A. Inspect each piece of glass immediately prior to start of installation. 1. Do not install items which are improperly sized, have damaged edges, or are scratched, abraded, or deficient in any other manner. 2. Do not remove labels which are provided by the glass supplier until directed by the Architect. 3. Adhere to all ESG installation instructions and installation drawings. B. Locate sill setting blocks of standard width and thickness at quarter points of all glass lights unless otherwise recommended by manufacturer or supplier. 1. Use blocks of proper durometer, size and thickness to support the glass in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations. 2. Glass lap and edge clearances must be provided according to pertinent codes and standards of manufacturers Protection Reapply protective film after glazing to avoid surface damage proir to commissioning. Cleaning Cleaning can be carried out much in the same way as normal glass by using a slightly damp cloth or professional glass cleaning product. Abrasive products should never be used, particularly when the surface to be cleaned has a reflective coating. ESG advise the use of a professional window cleaning service. Avoid excess moisture / chemical cleaning agents coming into contact with ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panel edges. 14 ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ – Technical Binder Setting/Glazing ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels may be orientated in any direction. The Flat Glass Marketing Association (FGMA) Glazing Guidelines are to be followed except as noted. Setting Blocks Glass larger than 0. 5 square metres should be placed on two EPDM or neoprene setting blocks. These blocks should have a durometer hardness of 85 ±5. They should be centred at the bottom quarter points (i. e. equal distance). The blocks should be 1. 5 mm narrower than the channel width. Lock-strip gasket systems also require setting blocks. Recommendations can be obtained from the gasket manufacturers. Glazing Methods Interior Applications Laminated ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels Dry Glazing: This is preferred interior glazing method. Wet Glazing: If a non-acetic sealant is used, it must be compatible with the panel polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer. Never use putty or glazing compound to glaze an ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panel. Exterior Applications Insulated Glass Units made with ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ Wet Glazing: Pre-shimmed glazing tape and non-acetic sealants are required to create a seal impervious to moisture for all applications. Butt-Joint Glazing: ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels can be butt-joint glazed in interior applications. Structural Silicone Glazing Insulate glass units manufactured with ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels shall not be structurally silicone glazed. Glass Protection Once the glass is installed, the architect, general contractor, or owner should provide for glass protection and cleaning. Weathering steel or alkaline materials may cause surface damage due to staining. Abrasive cleaners should never be used, particularly when the surface to be cleaned has a reflective coating. Windblown objects, welding sparks, or other material applied to the glass surface during construction may cause irreversible damage. Frame Design Standard frame edge clearance and face clearances may be used, EXCEPT edge bite must be 11 mm minimum and framing must have a hole of 6 mm diameter. To maintain a proper seal against the infiltration of water and air, adequate bite is required. Inadequate clearance for the edges can cause damage due to glass-to-frame contact. The industry standard for framing deflection mus t be adhered to. The deflection must not exceed either the length of the span divided by 175, or 18 mm, whichever is less. All expansion joints and anchors must be designed so that the glass framing does not incur a load due to structural movement. Essex Safety Glass Ltd. , Unit 1-3 Moss Road, Witham, Essex CM8 3UQ Tel: 01376 520061 (10 Lines), Fax: 01376 521176, Email: [emailprotected] co. uk, Web: www. esguk. co. uk 15 Trouble Shooting Caution: ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ operates at 65 VAC and 50 Hz. Higher voltage and frequency may cause permanent damages. Troubleshooting and electrical service must be performed by a qualified electrician who has read and understood this document. Switch the power ON. Confirm that the panels turn clear. If one or more ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels are not operating: 1. Check the circuit breaker to verify power. If there is no power from the circuit breaker, reset or replace the circuit breaker. 2. Check the wall switch to verify power. If there is no power from the wall switch check the connection or replace the wall switch. 3. Check input to the power supply of affected panels to verify power. If there is not input power to the transformer, check the wiring between the wall switch and the transformer. 4. Check output from the transformer to the affected panels to verify power. If there is no output power from the transformer, the fuse may have blown. Replace fuse with the same size and specifications which is available at electronic supply stores. NOTES: 1. Use care when opening the transformer and allow a few minutes to cool down. Internal electronic parts may be very hot. This is normal. 2. Warning: Do not substitute a higher fuse rating! Fuse rating is critical to properly protect ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels and the transformer. Warranties ESG warrants that ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels should be free from defects for a period of five years from the date of invoice unless otherwise specified. Defects include loss of switching where the electrical system and supply are working correctly and/or de-lamination of the panel. In the event of a breach of warranty for the reasons as above ESG will repair or replace the defective product. ESG will not accept any costs incurred by others which are associated with gaining access, removal, replacement, installation of panels or consequential loss claims of any kind. The customer must advise ESG immediately they are aware a panel is defective and if installed they must leave the panel in situ. ESG will decide whether to inspect the installation on site or may ask to have defective product returned for repair or replacement. ESG is not responsible for products which are damaged due to external events such as, but not limited to, natural disasters, incorrect silicone use, improper use, or maintenance or use of unauthorised parts. To ensure safety and proper operation of ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ and to avoid invalidating any warranty, the panels must be installed by a qualified electrician. ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ should be delivered, handled, installed, protected, cleaned and used in compliance with all local legislation, regulations and codes of practice and in accordance with the requirements detailed in the ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ Technical Binder and Operation Maintenance Manual. Haze – ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ panels are not as optically clear as standard float glass. Some degree of haze will always appear due to the nature of the product make-up. As with all LCD switchable smart type privacy glass there will always be some degree of haze and this is not a reason for rejection or a refund. A clear non switchable area of up to 5mm around the perimeter of ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ Panels may be observed. This is a natural phenomenon and is not a fault in the product. 16 ESG Switchableâ„ ¢ – Technical Binder Our Quality Standards Your Assurance We are committed to giving customer satisfaction through service provision of the highest standard. This applies to all areas of our business and is central to our mission. Our products are tested in house and by Europe’s leading Independent, third-party certifiers and testers such as BRE, TNO, Technalia, Efectis, Wiltshire Ballistics and the British Standards Institute which distinguish our products and services from our competitors, and gives you, our customers, confidence about their performance. ESG BALLISTIC BS EN 063:2000 Security Glazing – Testing and classification of resistance against bullet attack QMS BS EN ISO 9001 : 2008 – FM 511206 Audit Body – BSI (British Standards Institute) Originally Registered – 8th January 2007 TOUGHENED GLASS BSI Kite Mark Licence – KM 511207 Class 1 Toughened Glass BS EN 12150 : 2000 (Glass in building. Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass) Impact Tested – BS EN 12600 : 2002 (Glas s in building. Pendulum test. Impact test method and classification for flat glass) HEAT STRENGTHENED GLASS BSI Kite Mark Licence – KM 511207 Heat Strengthened Glass BS EN 1863 : 2000 (Glass in building. Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass). Bending Strength Tested – BS EN 1288-3 : 2000 (Glass in building. Determination of the bending strength og glass – Part 3 – Test with specimens supported at two points – Four pointbending). HEAT SOAKED GLASS BSI Kite Mark Licence – KM 511207 Heatsoaked Glass – BS EN 14179 : 2005 (Glass in building. Heat-soaked thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass) LAMINATED GLASS BSI Kite Mark Licence – KM 511207 Laminated / Toughened Laminated Glass – BS EN 14449 : 2005 (Glass in building. Laminated glass and laminated safety glass) Tested in accordance to – BS EN 12543-4 : 1998 (Glass in building. Laminated glass and laminated safety glass. Test methods for durability) FIRE GLASS BSI Kite Mark Licence – KM 511207 (For Impact – BS EN 12600:Class1, and Toughened glass BS EN 12150 only. Plus Fragmentation tested under BS EN 12150 by BSI) Approved Certified by CERTIFIRE for ESG Pyrotech E30 in timber and steel doors and screens, and ESG Pyrotech E30 and E60 within steel doors and screens – Certification Number: CF 628 SECURITY GLASS BS EN 356 : 2000 (Glass in Building – Security glazing. Testing and classification of resistance against manual attack). LPS 1270 Issue 1 (Requirements and testing procedures for the LPCB approval and listing of intruder resistant security glazing units). Essex Safety Glass Ltd. , Unit 1-3 Moss Road, Witham, Essex CM8 3UQ Tel: 01376 520061 (10 Lines), Fax: 01376 521176, Email: [emailprotected] co. uk, Web: www. esguk. co. uk 17 18 Essex Safety Glass Ltd. , Unit 1-3 Moss Road, Witham, Essex CM8 3UQ Tel: 01376 520061 (10 Lines), Fax: 01376 521176, Email: [emailprotected] co. uk, Web: www. esguk. co. uk